Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2025 May 14;15(10):1244.
doi: 10.3390/diagnostics15101244.

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Ocular and Periocular Basal Cell Carcinoma with First-Time Description of Dermoscopic and Reflectance Confocal Microscopy Features of Caruncle Basal Cell Carcinoma

Martina Caviglia  1 , Shaniko Kaleci  2 , Pasquale Frascione  3 , Miram Teoli  4 , Maria Concetta Fargnoli  5 , Giovanni Pellacani  1 , Victor Desmond Mandel  3
Affiliations
Review

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Ocular and Periocular Basal Cell Carcinoma with First-Time Description of Dermoscopic and Reflectance Confocal Microscopy Features of Caruncle Basal Cell Carcinoma

Martina Caviglia et al. Diagnostics (Basel). .

Abstract

Background: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the ocular and periocular region is characterized by a painless progressive extension. An early diagnosis can limit the extent of facial tissue involvement and subsequent resection resulting in better cosmetic and functional results. Objectives: The aim is to provide the largest and most up-to-date overview of ocular and periocular BCCs. We also reported the first case of caruncle BCC investigated by dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM). Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Prospero ID CRD583032) were carried out by searching PUBMED-MEDLINE, including all articles with a full-text English version and with BCCs in eyelids, medial and lateral canthus, caruncle, conjunctiva, and orbit. The following data were collected: authors, year, title and type of publication, medical specialization, number, sex, age and comorbidities of the patients, anatomic localization of the disease, clinical and dermoscopic aspect, histological examination, and treatment. Results: We identified 731 articles through a database search, of which 236 articles matched our inclusion criteria. A total of 71.730 patients with ocular and periocular BCCs were included in the present study, and all data collected were reported in a dataset. Most of the articles included were described by ophthalmologists (67.5%), dermatologists (11.2%), or plastic surgeons (5.6%). The proportional meta-analysis revealed varying significance and heterogeneity for each type of study included. Conclusions: BCC more frequently affects the lower eyelid. The most common BCC subtype of ocular and periocular area is the nodular form. Limited data are available concerning the application of dermoscopy and RCM in this area. RCM may be particularly useful for early diagnosis, mapping, and treatment monitoring of ocular and periocular BCCs. Surgery still remains the first-choice treatment.

Keywords: basal cell; carcinoma; caruncle; confocal; dermoscopy; eye; eyelid; microscopy; neoplasms; ocular; periocular; tumor.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no conflicts of interest relevant to this article to disclose. Honorarium, grant, or other forms of payment were not given to any of the authors to produce the manuscript.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow diagram of the study selection process.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Caruncle basal cell carcinoma. (a) Clinically appeared as a millimetric flat lesion, with faded and irregular margins, blue–black in color. (b,c) Dermoscopic assessment revealed black–blue structureless areas. (d–f) Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) showed the presence of sharply demarcated lobular nests, outlined by dark peritumoral clefting. Streaming, peripheral palisading, hyper-refractile thin dendrites and bright oval structures, and convoluted and dilated blood vessels are other RCM criteria detected.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Proportional meta-analysis of the included “clinical trial” studies.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Proportional meta-analysis of the included “prospective study” and “prospective case series”.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Proportional meta-analysis of the included “retrospective study”.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Proportional meta-analysis of the included “case reports” and “case report with review of the literature”.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Proportional meta-analysis of the included “case series”.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Proportional meta-analysis of the included “letter”.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

    1. Peris K., Fargnoli M.C., Garbe C., Kaufmann R., Bastholt L., Seguin N.B., Bataille V., Del Marmol V., Dummer R., Harwood C.A., et al. Diagnosis and treatment of basal cell carcinoma: European consensus-based interdisciplinary guidelines. Eur. J. Cancer. 2019;118:10–34. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2019.06.003. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Shi Y., Jia R., Fan X. Ocular basal cell carcinoma: A brief literature review of clinical diagnosis and treatment. OncoTargets Ther. 2017;10:2483–2489. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S130371. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Basset-Seguin N., Herms F. Update in the Management of Basal Cell Carcinoma. Acta Derm. Venereol. 2020;100:adv00140. doi: 10.2340/00015555-3495. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Edwards S.J., Osei-Assibey G., Patalay R., Wakefield V., Karner C. Diagnostic accuracy of reflectance confocal microscopy using VivaScope for detecting and monitoring skin lesions: A systematic review. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 2017;42:266e75. doi: 10.1111/ced.13055. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Manfredini M., Mazzaglia G., Ciardo S., Farnetani F., Mandel V.D., Longo C., Zauli S., Bettoli V., Virgili A., Pellacani G. Acne: In vivo morphologic study of lesions and surrounding skin by means of reflectance confocal microscopy. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2015;29:933–939. doi: 10.1111/jdv.12730. - DOI - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources