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. 2025 May 10;14(10):1694.
doi: 10.3390/foods14101694.

Characterizing Environmental Background Microflora and Assessing Their Influence on Listeria Persistence in Dairy Processing Environment

Vaishali Poswal  1 , Sanjeev Anand  1 , Brian Kraus  2
Affiliations

Characterizing Environmental Background Microflora and Assessing Their Influence on Listeria Persistence in Dairy Processing Environment

Vaishali Poswal et al. Foods. .

Abstract

Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) may persist in food processing environments (FPEs) alongside diverse background microflora. While microbial communities in FPEs can influence Lm survival, their role in supporting or suppressing its growth remains unclear. This study aimed to characterize the microflora in floor swabs and air samples collected from a dairy processing facility across three seasons and assess their potential impact on the growth of a Lm test strain previously isolated from a dairy processing environment. A total of 167 environmental isolates, representing 30 bacterial genera, were identified. Pseudomonas was consistently prevalent across all sample types. Seasonal shifts in bacterial genera were observed, with differences in microbial composition and relative abundance between production lines with and without Listeria innocua occurrence. Microflora distribution appeared more influenced by environmental and operational factors than by spatial proximity. Co-culture growth assays revealed no competitive exclusion of the Lm test strain, and no zones of inhibition were observed in antimicrobial assays using cell-free extract and dialyzed cell-free extract from environmental isolates against Lm. These findings suggest that Lm could potentially establish itself within mixed microbial communities in dairy processing environments, emphasizing the complexity of microbial interactions in FPEs and their potential role in Lm persistence.

Keywords: Listeria monocytogenes; air samples; biofilm; floor swab; food processing environment.

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Conflict of interest statement

Author Brian Kraus is employed by the Wells Enterprises Inc. The remaining authors declare that the research reported in this article was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Layout and distance (meters) between the sampled sites located on the first floor and second floor of the processing area.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Venn diagram of genera distribution in (A) swab and air samples, (B) swab microflora among different seasons, and (C) air microflora among different seasons.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Relative abundance of the bacterial, yeast, and mold genera in (A) swab and (B) air samples among different seasons.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Comparative distribution of microbial genera in two different scenarios in (A) swab microflora and (B) air microflora (Scenario 1 included sites with seasonal occurrences of Listeria species, primarily L. innocua, and Scenario 2 included sites with some or no recorded Listeria species isolation).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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