Associations of Academic Study- and Non-Study-Related Sedentary Behaviors with Incident Obesity in Children and Adolescents

Abstract

Objective: To assess the associations between academic study- and non-study-related sedentary behaviors and the risk of overweight/obesity in children and adolescents, as well as their joint association with sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption. Methods: Sedentary behaviors and SSB consumption were assessed using self-reported questionnaires. Overweight/obesity were defined by age- and sex-specific body mass index cut-off values according to the criteria of "Screening for overweight and obesity among school-age children and adolescents" in China. Poisson regression with robust error variance was used to assess the associations of sedentary behaviors and/or SSB consumption with the risk of overweight/obesity, yielding relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) method was used to rank the contribution of five specific sedentary behaviors to obesity risk. Results: Among 47,148 participants with a 3-year follow-up, longer durations of screen-related, academic study-related, and total sedentary time were each associated with a higher risk of overweight/obesity (adjusted RR (95% CI) per hour increment: 1.01 (1.00-1.02), 1.03 (1.01-1.06), and 1.02 (1.01-1.03)). After mutual adjustment, the associations of engaging in homework, attending tutorial classes, and using mobile electronic devices remained significantly associated with higher overweight/obesity risk. The SHAP summary plot shows that using mobile electronic devices, attending tutorial classes, and doing homework were the three most important sedentary obesogenic contributors. A significant interaction of age with sedentary time was found (p for interaction < 0.05). No significant interaction was found between SSB consumption and sedentary time. Conclusions: Excessive sedentary behaviors were associated with a higher risk of overweight/obesity, particularly due to mobile electronic device use, attending tutorial classes, and doing homework.

Keywords: children and adolescents; obesity; overweight; sedentary behavior.

Figure 1

Importance matrix and SHAP summary plot displaying the contributions of individual variables to the extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model. SHAP = Shapley additive explanations, MVPA = moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, SSB = sugar-sweetened beverage.