Advancements in Stem Cell Applications for Livestock Research: A Review

Abstract

Stem cells (SCs), distinguished by their capacity for self-renewal and multipotent differentiation, represent a cornerstone of regenerative medicine. These cells, which can be categorized according to their differentiation potential and developmental origin, have emerged as pivotal elements in both biomedical research and veterinary science. In herbivorous species, stem cell applications have yielded particularly promising advances across multiple domains, including reproductive biotechnology, tissue engineering and regeneration, therapeutic interventions, and immunomodulation. This review synthesizes contemporary research on stem cell biology in five economically significant herbivorous species: bovine, ovine, deer, equine, and camelid. Special emphasis is placed on stem cell isolation methodologies, culture optimization techniques, and the molecular mechanisms governing key signaling pathways. The discussion encompasses both the technical impediments facing stem cell research and the ethical framework necessary for responsible scientific advancement, with particular attention to animal welfare considerations in the development and implementation of stem cell-based technologies.

Keywords: animal welfare; herbivores; mastitis; orthopedic diseases; regeneration; stem cells.

Figure 1

Sources and differentiation pathways of major stem cell types. The figure illustrates three main categories of stem cells and their differentiation potential. Embryo fibroblast or amniotic membrane-derived cells undergo reprogramming to become Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-like cells), which can then differentiate into skeletal muscle cells, adipose cells, hair follicle cells, and chondrocytes. A blastula is used to separate and culture inner cell mass, resulting in Embryonic stem cells (ESC-like cells). These undergo induced differentiation to form the same specialized cell types shown on the right. Furthermore, tissues such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord can have their cells separated and cultured to produce mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). This figure effectively captures the main sources of stem cells (embryonic, induced pluripotent, and adult mesenchymal) and demonstrates how these different starting materials can be processed to create various specialized cell types for research or therapeutic applications.