[Noise pollution and cardiovascular diseases]

Abstract

Several epidemiological studies have found that noise, particularly that related to means of transport, can increase the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, with high-quality evidence for ischemic heart disease. According to the World Health Organization, over 1.6 million years of healthy life are lost every year in Western Europe due to traffic-related noise. Noise, especially at night, causes fragmentation and shortening of sleep, increased levels of stress hormones and oxidative stress, with adverse effects on the cardio-cerebrovascular system. These factors can promote the appearance of vascular dysfunction, inflammation and hypertension, thus increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. In this review, we address the indirect effects of noise on cardiovascular health. In particular, we provide an up-to-date overview of current epidemiological research on the effects of noise on risk factors and cardiovascular diseases, discussing the pathophysiological hypotheses proposed by the most recent clinical and experimental studies, aimed at providing a reliable explanation of this relationship. Finally, we describe current and future noise mitigation strategies.