Affiliations

• ¹ Digestive Health Research Institute (IRSD), Université de Toulouse, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment (INRAE), National Veterinary School of Toulouse (ENVT), University Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France.
• ² Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Rome, Italy.
• ³ Digestive Health Research Institute (IRSD), Université de Toulouse, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment (INRAE), National Veterinary School of Toulouse (ENVT), University Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France; University Hospital of Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Service de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Toulouse, France.
• ⁴ Paris Cité University, Infection Antimicrobials Modelling Evolution (IAME), National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) Mixed Research Unit (UMR) 1137, Paris, France; Department of Microbiology, Escherichia coli National Reference Center, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France.
• ⁵ Department clinical Biology, Laboratory of Microbiology and Infection Control, Belgian National Reference Centre for Shiga Toxin/Verotoxin-Producing E. coli (STEC/VTEC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium.
• ⁶ Unit of Foodborne Infections, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
• ⁷ National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK.
• ⁸ Digestive Health Research Institute (IRSD), Université de Toulouse, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment (INRAE), National Veterinary School of Toulouse (ENVT), University Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France; University Hospital of Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Service de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Toulouse, France. Electronic address: eric.oswald@inserm.fr.