Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 May 28;24(1):169.
doi: 10.1186/s12936-025-05408-4.

Blood feeding patterns of malaria mosquitoes collected using pit shelters and clay pots in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia

Atakilt Arega  1 , Abebe Animut  2 , Fekadu Massebo  3
Affiliations

Blood feeding patterns of malaria mosquitoes collected using pit shelters and clay pots in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia

Atakilt Arega et al. Malar J. .

Abstract

Background: Understanding the feeding behaviours and infection rates of malaria-transmitting Anopheles species is essential for designing effective vector control strategies. Therefore, this study investigated the species composition, blood meal sources, and infection rates of Anopheles mosquitoes in the rural village of Dilamo, West Gojjam, Ethiopia.

Methods: Ten households were randomly selected in a malaria-endemic village. Two clay pots were placed under shade outside each house within a radius of 10 m, one in front of the house and the other at the back. Two other clay pots were placed inside the same household. Ten pit shelters were built, one at a distance of 10 m from each house, under shade. Mosquito sampling was done twice a month for four months. Anopheles mosquitoes were identified to species using morphological keys. The species of the Anopheles gambiae complex were molecularly identified. Testing for blood meal sources and circumsporozoite proteins (CSPs) was conducted using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results: A total of 319 female Anopheles mosquitoes were collected, including the species Anopheles demeilloni, An. gambiae complex, Anopheles garnhami, Anopheles pretoriensis, and Anopheles cinereus. Among these, An. demeilloni was the dominant species, comprising 90.9% of the collection (290/319). The An. gambiae complex represented only 4.4% of the total (14/319). Out of 89 freshly fed Anopheles mosquitoes, 77 (86.5%) were examined for the source of their blood meal. Of these, 74 (96%) tested positive for blood from cattle, humans, or both. The overall human blood meal index was 43% (95% CI 31.1-55.3), while the bovine blood meal index was 6% (95% CI 1.6-13.9). The prevalence of Anopheles mosquitoes feeding on humans and cattle (mixed feeding) was 57% (95% CI 44.8-68.9). None of the Anopheles mosquitoes tested positive for Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium vivax-210 CSPs.

Conclusion: The human blood meal index reflects human exposure to mosquito bites. Future research could investigate whether mosquitoes, along with human behaviours and activities, prefer to bite humans indoors or outdoors.

Keywords: Anopheles species composition; Blood meal sources; CSP rates; Ethiopia; West Gojjam.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board of Arba Minch University. The homeowner gave consent before installing clay pots and digging pit shelters. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Map of Dilamo Kebele, South Achefer District, West Gojjam Zone, Amhara regional state, Ethiopia
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
The number of female Anopheles mosquitoes collected using clay pots and pit shelters in Delamo, South Achefer District, West Gojjam, Ethiopia, December 2019 to March 2020
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
The blood meal origins of Anopheles mosquitoes collected by clay pots and pit shelters in Dilamo, South Achefer District, West Gojjam, Ethiopia, December 2019 to March 2020
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Bhatt S, Weiss DJ, Cameron E, Bisanzio D, Mappin B, Dalrymple U, et al. The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015. Nature. 2015;526:207–11. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. WHO. World malaria report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023.
    1. Moyes CL, Athinya DK, Seethaler T, Battle KE, Sinka M, Hadi MP, et al. Evaluating insecticide resistance across African districts to aid malaria control decisions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117:22042–50. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Conrad MD, Rosenthal PJ. Antimalarial drug resistance in Africa: the calm before the storm? Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19:e338–51. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Mwangangi JM, Mbogo CM, Orindi BO, Muturi EJ, Midega JT, Nzovu J, et al. Shifts in malaria vector species. Malar J. 2013;12:13. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources