The WRC domain of GRF transcription factors: Structure and DNA recognition

Abstract

Growth-regulating factors (GRFs) belong to a family of transcription factors found in plants which display important roles in growth and development. GRF transcriptional activity is finely tuned by regulatory processes involving post-transcriptional repression exerted by microRNA miR396, and protein-protein interactions involving a family of co-transcriptional regulators known as GRF-interacting factors (GIFs). In this way, the activity of GRF target genes is modulated by a highly complex interplay between GRF/GIF isoform diversity and expression patterns along with miR396 and GIF gradients throughout plant tissues. At the protein level, GRFs are composed of two highly evolutionarily conserved domains known as QLQ and WRC and a less conserved C-terminal trans-activation domain. Whereas QLQ mediates GRF-GIF interaction by forming a complex with a conserved domain called SNH (by SYT N-terminal homology) found in GIFs' N-terminal region, the WRC has been proposed as a putative zinc finger domain responsible for target DNA recognition and nuclear import. However, the structural aspects governing GRF transcriptional activity and target recognition remain unknown. In this work, we applied bioinformatic and biophysical analysis to comprehensively characterize the structural features that modulate the biological function of this protein family with a focus on the WRC domain. We provide insights into the structure of the WRC domain in GRFs and explore the WRC features driving GRFs:DNA complex formation. These findings offer new insights into how WRC domains modulate the biological functions of GRFs, laying the groundwork for future studies on their structure-function relationship in gene regulation and development of plants.

Keywords: WRC domains; Zn fingers; growth‐regulating factors.