An emerging paradigm of CXCL16 involvement in cancer progression

Abstract

The chemokine CXCL16, often termed "Swiss army knife chemokine," plays diverse roles in tumor biology through its dual existence as a transmembrane (mCXCL16) and a soluble (sCXCL16) form. Signaling exclusively through its receptor CXCR6, this axis orchestrates context-specific functions in immune cell trafficking, tumor invasion, and vascular remodeling. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the CXCL16-CXCR6 signaling pathway, with emphasis on structural organization, the relay of canonical and non-canonical signaling cascades, and its emerging contributions to cancer progression. We detail how mCXCL16 functions as an adhesion molecule facilitating immune cell retention, while its proteolytic cleavage by ADAM10/17 generates sCXCL16, which enhances tumor cell migration, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. In parallel, the CXCL16/CXCR6 axis regulates immune responses by promoting tissue-resident memory T cell recruitment, though sustained activation may paradoxically support immune evasion. Finally, we describe the proangiogenic effects of CXCL16 on endothelial and stromal compartments, notably during inflammation-driven tumors. The CXCL16-CXCR6 axis exemplifies a pleiotropic chemokine system at the intersection of immunity and malignancy. Understanding its context-dependent functions offers new opportunities for therapeutic intervention, including immune modulation, blockade of metastatic dissemination, and tumor vascular targeting.

Keywords: Angiogenesis; CXCL16; CXCR6; Immunosuppression; Invasion and metastasis; TMEM Doorway; Tumor microenvironment.