Enhancing growth performance in Liangshan black sheep through fermented onion: insights from transcriptomics and metabolomics

Abstract

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of fermented onion (FO) on the growth performance of Liangshan black sheep (LBS) and to elucidate its potential molecular mechanisms from a multi-omics perspective. A total of 20 LBS were randomly assigned to one of four groups and fed diets containing 0, 10, 20%, or 30% fermented onions, respectively. The initial and final body weights were recorded. Following the termination of the experiment, the control group and the group exhibiting the most significant increase in average daily gain (ADG) were selected for slaughter. Rumen epithelial tissue was then collected for transcriptome sequencing, while fermented and unfermented onions were collected for untargeted metabolomics. The study revealed that the supplementation of 20% FO led to a notable enhancement in the ADG of LBS, whereas the addition of 30% resulted in a growth-inhibitory effect. Metabolomic analysis revealed that the fermentation process markedly elevated the concentration of bioactive compounds in the onion, including quercetin, rutin, luteolin, myricetin, 4'-methoxyflavone and other flavonoids, as well as linoleic acid, γ-linolenic acid and diverse amino acids. Transcriptome analysis revealed 34 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were primarily enriched in protein-related signaling pathways, glycerolipid metabolism, and digestion and absorption-related pathways. The appropriate addition of FO has been demonstrated to promote the growth performance of LBS by increasing the concentration of bioactive substances and regulating metabolic processes and gene expression. The findings of this study provide a scientific basis for improving the growth performance of LBS and making more effective use of onion resources, and contribute new insights to the development and utilization of feeds.

Keywords: Liangshan black sheep; average daily gain; fermented onion; metabolomics; rumen; transcriptome.

Figure 1

Effect of FO on the ADG of LBS (A) BW0 = initial body weight; (B) BWt = teminal body weight; (C) ADG = avaerage daily gain. *p <0.05; **p <0.01; ***p <0.001.

Figure 2

Metabolite difference analysis and its enrichment analysis. (A) Volcano plot of differential metabolites. (B) Heatmap of differential metabolites. (C) Functional enrichment analysis of differential metabolites.

Figure 3

differential expressed analysis of gene and its enrichment analysis. (A) Sample grouping PCA plot; (B) sample sequencing surge plot; (C) differential gene Volcano plot; (D) differential gene matchstick plot.

Figure 4

Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) results for four randomly selected genes.