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Review
. 2025 May 29;188(11):2836-2844.
doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2025.04.016.

The microbiome for clinicians

Serena Porcari  1 , Siew C Ng  2 , Laurence Zitvogel  3 , Harry Sokol  4 , Rinse K Weersma  5 , Eran Elinav  6 , Antonio Gasbarrini  1 , Giovanni Cammarota  1 , Herbert Tilg  7 , Gianluca Ianiro  8
Affiliations
Free article
Review

The microbiome for clinicians

Serena Porcari et al. Cell. .
Free article

Abstract

Despite promising evidence in diagnostics and therapeutics, microbiome research is not yet implemented into clinical medicine. Several initiatives, including the standardization of microbiome research, the refinement of microbiome clinical trial design, and the development of communication between microbiome researchers and clinicians, are crucial to move microbiome science toward clinical practice.

Keywords: clinical practice; fecal microbiota transplantation; microbiome; microbiota; probiotics.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of interests S.P. has served as speaker for WellMicro. S.C.N. is a founder, member, and shareholder of GenieBiome Ltd. and has served as an advisory board member for Pfizer, Ferring, Janssen, and Abbvie. L.Z. is the founder of everImmune and its scientific advisory board president; has received a research contract from Kaleido, 9 meters/Innovate Pharma; and is sponsored by Pileje. H.S. reports lecture fees, board membership, or consultancy from Amgen, Fresenius, IPSEN, Actial, Astellas, Danone, THAC, Biose, BiomX, Eligo, Immusmol, Adare, Nestle, Ferring, MSD, Bledina, Pfizer, Biocodex, BMS, Bromatech, Gilead, Janssen, Mayoli, Roche, Sanofi, Servier, Takeda, and Abbvie; has stocks from Enterome bioscience; and is a co-founder of Exeliom Biosciences. R.K.W. received unrestricted research grants from Takeda, Johnson & Johnson, Tramedico, and Ferring; received speaker’s fees from MSD, Abbvie, and Janssen Pharmaceuticals; and acted as consultant for Takeda Pharmaceuticals. E.E. is a scientific co-founder of DayTwo and BiomX and is an advisor to Purposebio, Aposense, Zoe, and MyGutly. A.G. reports personal fees for consultancy for Eisai S.r.l., 3PSolutions, Real Time Meeting, Fondazione Istituto Danone, Sinergie S.r.l. Board MRGE, and SanofiS.p.A; personal fees for acting as a speaker for Takeda S.p.A, AbbVie, and Sandoz S.p.A; and personal fees for acting on advisory boards for VSL3 and Eisai. G.C. has received personal fees for acting as advisor for Ferring Therapeutics. G.I. has received personal fees for acting as speaker for Biocodex, Danone, Sofar, Malesci, Metagenics, Illumina, and Tillotts Pharma and for acting as consultant/advisor for Ferring Therapeutics, Giuliani, Metagenics, and Tillotts Pharma.

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