Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia-Common and Distinct Mechanisms of Emotional Adjustment in the Depressive and Anxiety Disorders Spectrum?

Abstract

Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) reflects the activity of a cortico-limbic control system, enabling the flexible regulation of cardiac output via the parasympathetic nervous system. We assessed two markers of RSA, that is resting RSA (rRSA) and RSA reactivity (ΔRSA) and evaluated their common and distinct role for regulating emotional reactivity across depressive and anxiety disorders and their treatments. We recruited samples of healthy controls and patients with anxiety and depressive disorders, assessed rRSA during baseline and ΔRSA as RSA change from baseline to viewing emotional films. Patients then underwent disorder-specific cognitive behavior therapy. Although both patient groups exhibited lower rRSA than controls, depression-but not anxiety-symptomatology was transdiagnostically associated with less rRSA and ΔRSA. Complementing these depression-specific results, better ΔRSA predicted better treatment outcome in depression, but not anxiety. Our data confirm RSA as a transdiagnostic marker for mood and anxiety, support recent attempts toward transdiagnostic, dimensional classification systems (HiToP, RDoC) and provide evidence for a more robust association of RSA with depression symptomatology and treatment. This renders rRSA and ΔRSA potential markers to assess common and distinct mechanisms associated with depression and anxiety.

Keywords: anxiety; depression; prediction of treatment outcome; respiratory sinus arrhythmia; transdiagnostic approach.

FIGURE 1

(A) RSA level during baseline and while viewing the four film clips. (B) RSA change from baseline (i.e., ΔRSA, film clip—baseline) for the four film clips. (C) Scatterplots for the correlations between ΔRSA and treatment outcome for the global success rating (upper panel) and the DASS general distress residual symptoms change score (lower panel). Bold lines represent regression lines for the group of depressed patients, and dotted lines for the anxiety patients.

FIGURE 2

Structural equation model for the prediction of treatment outcome with the DASS general distress residual symptoms change score and the global success rating. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, * p < 0.05; Standardized regression coefficients for the entire group of patients are given on the arrows as follows: all patients/depressed patients/anxiety patients. n.s.= non significant.