Declaration of interests WM has received grants or contracts from the German Society of Internal Medicine (DGIM), ArgenX, Kyverna, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Boehringer Ingelheim, Evotec, and Bristol Myers Squibb; consulting fees and payment or honoraria for lectures and presentations from Eli Lilly, Galapagos, and Boehringer Ingelheim; support for attending meetings, travel, or both from Kyverna, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, and Boehringer Ingelheim; has patents planned with Evotec and Bristol Myers Squibb; has participated on an Advisory Board for Eli Lilly and Boehringer Ingelheim; and has received equipment, materials, and drugs from ArgenX. JHWD has received grants or contracts from AbbVie, Anamar, Argenx, ARXX, Bristol Myers Squibb, Bayer Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cantargia, Celgene, CSL Behring, ExoTherapeutics, Galapagos, GSK, Inventiva, Kiniksa, Lassen, Novartis, Sanofi–Aventis, RedX, and UCB; consulting fees from AbbVie, Active Biotech, Anamar, ARXX, AstraZeneca, Bayer Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Galapagos, Genentech, GSK, Inventiva, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, and UCB; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from AbbVie, Active Biotech, Anamar, ARXX, AstraZeneca, Bayer Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Galapagos, Genentech, GSK, Inventiva, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, and UCB; payment for expert testimony from AbbVie, Anamar, ARXX, AstraZeneca, Bayer Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cantargia, Celgene, Galapagos, Genentech, GSK, Inventiva, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, and UCB; support for attending meetings, travel, or both from AbbVie and SOBI; has stock or stock options in 4D Science and FibroCure; and has received equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts, or other services from Boehringer Ingelheim. AS received research grants from Therakos/Mallinckrodt; has ongoing patents with TolerogenixX (Heidelberg, Germany); is a co-founder and part-time employee of TolerogenixX; and has stock or stock options in TolerogenixX. MP reports consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim (Advisory Board); payment or honoraria for lectures or presentations at educational events from Apontis Pharma, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Novartis; support for attending meetings, travel, or both from AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and University of Heidelberg, Germany (as a data monitoring committee clinician for A phase IIa, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over study to evaluate safety and efficacy of subcutaneous administration of anakinra in patients with cystic fibrosis [ANAKIN]); and is a Scientific Board member in a patient advocacy group for Lungenfibrose. CPH received research funding from Exscientia; consultation or other fees from Boehringer Ingelheim; lecture fees from AstraZeneca, Pfizer, and Boehringer; has a patent for Method and device for representing the microstructure of the lungs (IPC8 Class: AA61B5055FI, PAN: 20080208038); and has stock ownership in GSK). MS received research grants from Therakos/Mallinckrodt; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from bluebird bio, Kite, and Novartis; payment for expert testimony for MSD, GSK, Kite, and Bristol Myers Squibb; support for attending meetings, travel, or both from Hexal and Kite; has ongoing patents with TolerogenixX (Heidelberg, Germany); participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for MSD; is a co-founder of TolerogenixX; and has stock or stock options in TolerogenixX. H-ML has received grants from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Actelion, Alexion, Amgen, Bayer Vital, Baxter, Biocon, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Celltrion, Chugai, Fresenius, Galapagos, Genzyme, GSK, Gilead, Hexal, Janssen–Cilag, Eli Lilly, Medac, MSD, Mundipharm, Mylan, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, octapharm, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi, Shire, SOBI, Stada, Takeda, Thermo Fisher, UCB, and Vifor; consulting fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Galapagos, GSK, Novartis, Pfizer, and Roche; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Actelion, Alexion, Amgen, Bayer Vital, Baxter, Biocon, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Celltrion, Chugai, Fresenius, Galapagos, Genzyme, GSK, Gilead, Hexal, Janssen–Cilag, Eli Lilly, Medac, MSD, Mundipharm, Mylan, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, octapharm, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi, Shire, SOBI, Stada, Takeda, Thermo Fisher, UCB, and Vifor; support for attending meetings, travel, or both from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Chugai, Galapagos, GSK, Janssen–Cilag, Eli Lilly, Medac, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, and UCB; and participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Galapagos, GSK, Novartis, Pfizer, and Roche. All other authors declare no competing interests.