Emergence, spread, and impact of high-pathogenicity avian influenza H5 in wild birds and mammals of South America and Antarctica
- PMID: 40450535
- DOI: 10.1111/cobi.70052
Emergence, spread, and impact of high-pathogenicity avian influenza H5 in wild birds and mammals of South America and Antarctica
Abstract
The currently circulating high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) virus of the subtype H5 causes variable illness and death in wild and domestic birds and mammals, as well as in humans. This virus evolved from the Goose/Guangdong lineage of the HPAI H5 virus, which emerged in commercial poultry in China in 1996, spilled over into wild birds, and spread through Asia, Europe, Africa, and North America by 2021. Our objective was to summarize the spread and impact of the HPAI H5 virus in wild birds and mammals in South America, evaluate the risk of its spread and potential impact on Antarctic wildlife, and consider actions to manage the current and future HPAI outbreaks in wildlife. We obtained data on HPAI H5 virus detection and reported wildlife deaths from websites, newspaper articles, and scientific publications. The virus arrived in South America in October 2022. Thereafter, it spread widely and rapidly throughout the continent, where it infected at least 83 wild bird species and 11 wild mammal species and is estimated to have killed at least 667,000 wild birds and 52,000 wild mammals. The HPAI H5 virus spread to the Antarctic region by October 2023 and to mainland Antarctica by December 2023. This spread was associated with multiple mortality events in seabirds and marine mammals. The high spatial density of colonies of various Antarctic species of birds and mammals provides conditions for potentially devastating outbreaks with severe conservation implications. Ecosystem-level impacts may follow, and affected populations may take decades to recover. Although little can be done to stop the virus spread in wildlife, it is important to continue targeted surveillance of wildlife populations for HPAI H5 virus incursion and assessment of the spread and impact of disease to inform adaptation of conservation plans and to help policy makers mitigate and prevent future HPAI outbreaks.
Surgimiento, propagación e impacto de la gripe aviar H5 de alta patogenicidad en aves y mamíferos silvestre de Sudamérica y la Antártida Resumen El virus de la gripe aviar de alta patogenicidad (HPAI) del subtipo H5 que circula actualmente causa enfermedades variables y la muerte de aves y mamíferos silvestres y domésticos, y también de humanos. Este virus evolucionó a partir del linaje Goose/Guangdong del virus HPAI H5, que apareció en aves de corral comerciales en China en 1996, se extendió a las aves silvestres y se propagó por Asia, Europa, África y Norteamérica en 2021. Nuestros objetivos son resumir la propagación y el impacto del virus HPAI H5 en aves silvestres y mamíferos en Sudamérica, evaluar el riesgo de su propagación y el impacto potencial en la fauna silvestre antártica y considerar acciones para gestionar los brotes actuales y futuros de HPAI en la fauna silvestre. Obtuvimos datos sobre la detección del virus HPAI H5 y sobre las muertes de animales silvestres reportadas en sitios web, artículos de prensa y publicaciones científicas. El virus llegó a Sudamérica en octubre de 2022. A partir de entonces se propagó amplia y rápidamente por todo el continente, donde infectó al menos a 83 especies de aves silvestres y 11 especies de mamíferos silvestres y se estima que mató al menos a 667,000 aves silvestres y 52,000 mamíferos silvestres. El virus HPAI H5 se propagó a la región antártica en octubre de 2023 y a la Antártida continental dos meses después. Esta propagación se asoció a múltiples eventos de mortalidad en aves y mamíferos marinos. La alta densidad espacial de las colonias de varias especies antárticas de aves y mamíferos proporciona las condiciones para brotes potencialmente devastadores con graves implicaciones para la conservación. Los impactos pueden producirse a nivel de ecosistema y las poblaciones afectadas pueden tardar décadas en recuperarse. Aunque se puede hacer poco para detener la propagación del virus en la fauna salvaje, es importante continuar la vigilancia específica de las poblaciones de fauna salvaje para detectar la incursión del virus HPAI H5 y la evaluación de la propagación y el impacto de la enfermedad para fundamentar la adaptación de los planes de conservación y ayudar a los políticos responsables a mitigar y prevenir futuros brotes de gripe aviar de alta patogenicidad.
Keywords: Antarctica; Antártida; South America; Sudamérica; aves marinas; avian influenza; emerging infectious diseases; enfermedades infecciosas emergentes; gripe aviar; mamíferos marinos; marine mammals; one health; seabirds; una sola salud; virology; virología.
© 2025 Crown copyright and The Author(s). Conservation Biology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society for Conservation Biology. This article is published with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the King's Printer for Scotland.
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