Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Apr 28:9:100202.
doi: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2025.100202. eCollection 2025 Jun.

Prevalence of Chikungunya, Dengue, and West Nile arboviruses in Iran based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): A systematic review and meta-analysis

Ebrahim Abbasi  1   2 , Mohammad Djaefar Moemenbellah-Fard  1   2
Affiliations

Prevalence of Chikungunya, Dengue, and West Nile arboviruses in Iran based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): A systematic review and meta-analysis

Ebrahim Abbasi et al. Glob Epidemiol. .

Abstract

Introduction: Arboviruses, including Chikungunya (CHIKV), Dengue (DENV), and West Nile (WNV) viruses, are significant viral threats that affect numerous people globally each year. This report explores the prevalence of these viruses in Iran through a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods: The present survey was performed using a systematic review and meta-analysis method on the seroprevalence of WNV, CHIKV, and DENV using the ELISA test. Accordingly, by searching Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, and Google Scholar scientific databases, all relevant published papers were sorted out and reviewed. Power ratification of data was conducted with a random effects model in meta-analysis, meta-regression, I 2 index, and Egger test.

Results: This meta-analysis report embodies twelve published papers between 2000 and 2024. The seroprevalence of positive ELISA tests for WNV in Iran was estimated at 12.9 % (CI = 95 %: 7.4-18.4) and for CHIKV at 6.2 % (CI = 95 %: 0.6-11.8). Regarding DENV, only two studies were conducted, with a zero prevalence in one study and a seroprevalence of 5.6 % in another study.

Conclusion: According to these data, WNV, CHIKV, and DENV fevers have been detected in Iran using the ELISA test. Considering the seropositivity of WNV and CHIKV and their detection in several provinces, it can be assumed that these viruses are ubiquitous, while DENV fever remains sporadic in Iran.

Keywords: Arbovirus; Chikungunya; Dengue; ELISA; Meta-analysis; Virus; WNV.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Figures

Unlabelled Image
Graphical abstract
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The review process based on PRISMA flow chart.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Pooled prevalence of positive ELISA test for West Nile virus in Iran based on the random effects model. The midpoint of each line segment shows the prevalence estimate, the length of the line segment indicates the 95 % confidence interval in each study, and the diamond mark illustrates the pooled prevalence.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Pooled prevalence of positive ELISA test for Chikungunya virus in Iran based on random effects model. The midpoint of each line segment shows the prevalence estimate, the length of the line segment indicates the 95 % confidence interval in each study, and the diamond mark illustrates the pooled prevalence.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Funnel plot of the prevalence positive ELISA test in the selected studies.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Meta-regression plot of prevalence of West Nile virus and sample size of study.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. García-Carrasco J.-M., Muñoz A.-R., Olivero J., Segura M., Real R. Predicting the spatio-temporal spread of West Nile virus in Europe. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15(1) - PMC - PubMed
    1. Riccò M., Peruzzi S., Balzarini F. Epidemiology of West Nile virus infections in humans, Italy, 2012–2020: a summary of available evidences. Trop Med Infect Disease. 2021;6(2):61. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Abbasi E., Daliri S. Knockdown resistance (kdr) associated organochlorine resistance in mosquito-borne diseases (Culex quinquefasciatus): systematic study of reviews and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2024;18(8) - PMC - PubMed
    1. Abbasi E., Daliri S., Talbalaghi A., Mehrpouya F., Hasanzadeh Arab M., Aslvaeli A. Knockdown resistance (kdr) associated organochlorine resistance in mosquito-borne diseases (Culex pipiens): systematic study of reviews and meta-analysis. medRxiv. 2012;2023(2023) 2017.23300098. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kaiser J., Barrett A. Twenty years of progress toward West Nile virus vaccine development. 2019;5(9):823. - PMC - PubMed

Further reading

    1. Stonedahl S., Clarke P., Tyler K.L. The role of microglia during West Nile virus infection of the central nervous system. Vaccines. 2020;8(3):485. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Habarugira G., Suen W.W., Hobson-Peters J., Hall R.A., Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. West Nile virus: an update on pathobiology, epidemiology, diagnostics, control and “one health” implications. Pathogens. 2020;9(7):589. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Yu A., Ferenczi E., Moussa K., Eliott D., Matiello M. Clinical spectrum of west nile virus neuroinvasive disease. Neurohospital. 2020;10(1):43–47. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Sejvar J. Clinical manifestations and outcomes of West Nile virus infection. Viruses. 2014;6:606–623. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Moirano G., Richiardi L., Calzolari M., Merletti F., Maule M. Recent rapid changes in the spatio-temporal distribution of West Nile neuro-invasive disease in Italy. Zoonoses Public Health. 2020;67(1):54–61. - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources