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Comparative Study
. 2025 Jun 2;15(1):19244.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-03729-7.

Marginal adaptation and porosity of calcium silicate-based cements in furcation perforations: a micro-CT comparative study

María Rojo-Carpintero  1 , Ana Martín-Díaz  1 , Juan Miraglia Cantarini  2 , Natalia Navarrete  1   3 , Alejandro R Pérez  1 , Giulia Malvicini  4 , José Aranguren  1 , David Rubio-Flores  5   6
Affiliations
Comparative Study

Marginal adaptation and porosity of calcium silicate-based cements in furcation perforations: a micro-CT comparative study

María Rojo-Carpintero et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

This ex-vivo study compares the adaptation, porosity, and sealing performance of ProRoot MTA, NeoPutty, and Biodentine in standardized, simulated furcation perforations created in extracted mandibular molars using clinical evaluation and high-resolution micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Thirty-six mandibular molars with furcation perforations were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 12). Clinical evaluation assessed adaptation, porosity, and overfilling, while micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) provided quantitative data on voids and gaps. Statistical analysis used chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney U tests. NeoPutty and ProRoot MTA showed superior adaptation compared to Biodentine (p < 0.05). Biodentine showed higher porosity (28.44%) than ProRoot MTA (0%) and NeoPutty (8.3%) (p < 0.001). Biodentine also had the highest void volume (1.05 mm3) and gap volume (1.37 mm3), while ProRoot MTA recorded the lowest void volume (0.59 mm3), and NeoPutty had the smallest gap volume (0.85 mm3). No significant differences were observed in overfilling rates. Overall, ProRoot MTA exhibited the most consistent sealing ability, whereas NeoPutty emerged as a viable alternative due to its favorable handling and reliable adaptation. Biodentine, by contrast, showed the poorest performance in terms of structural integrity and sealing capacity. Within the limitations of this study, these findings support the use of ProRoot MTA or NeoPutty for furcation perforation repair, while suggesting more cautious use of Biodentine in such applications.

Keywords: Calcium silicate-based cement; Furcal perforations; Mandibular molars; Marginal adaptation; Micro-computed tomography; Perforation sealing; Sealer porosity.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing interests: José Aranguren and Alejandro R. Pérez are the opinion leaders of ZARC (Zarc4endo, Gijón, Asturias, Spain), and Juan Miraglia Cantarini is the opinion leader of Dentsply (Dentsply-Sirona, Baillagues, Switzerland). The other authors deny any conflicts of interest. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The Rey Juan Carlos institutional ethics committee approved the study (protocol 1301202302823).

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Representative micro-CT scans of the variables assessed during quantitative evaluation: (A) voids (red arrow), (B) gaps (green arrow), (C) porosity (blue arrow).
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Representative 3D figures before perforation repair (A, D, G). Post-repair 3D images with (B) NeoPutty; (E) Biodentine; (H) ProRoot. Axial images of micro-CT scans after repair with (C) NeoPutty; (F) Biodentine; (I) ProRoot.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Representative 3D sagittal images illustrating pre (A, C, E), and post perforation repair with (B) NeoPutty; (D) Biodentine; (F) ProRoot. All perforations were created using the same standardized protocol and bur size; apparent differences in perforation size are due to variations in image orientation, magnification, and rendering angle.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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