Synthesis and characterization of kaolin glass cullet ceramics modified with transition metal oxides for enhanced mechanical and optical properties

Abstract

A range of ceramic materials was developed using Egyptian Kaolin combined with varying amounts of glass cullet waste (0-50 wt%) through uniaxial pressing and sintering at temperatures between 900 and 1200 °C. The study further examined the effects of adding transition metal oxides, Co₃O₄ or CuO, into a mix of 70% kaolin and 30% cullet, sintered at 1000 °C. Phase identification and chemical composition analysis were carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF), while physical properties such as bulk density, apparent porosity, hardness, and microstructure were evaluated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that increasing the cullet content up to 50 wt% resulted in higher apparent porosity. The sintered ceramics exhibited a hardness of 7.9 GPa, with the lowest bulk density (2.75 g/cm³) and highest apparent porosity (13%). Adding Co₃O₄ or CuO up to 30 wt% increased the density of the material and reduced porosity, with Co₃O₄ achieving the highest density (2.44 g/cm³) and lowest porosity (13%). CuO slightly increased porosity to around 4%, with a density of 2.46 g/cm³. Co₃O₄-based ceramics exhibited superior hardness compared to CuO, as the latter encouraged the formation of anorthite. Optical tests showed that Co₃O₄ caused a color change from light to dark, while CuO samples turned dark brown to black. CuO-containing ceramics had reflectance values below 40%, indicating their potential application in antireflection coatings for solar cells.

Keywords: Ceramics; Cullet; Glass; Kaolin; Mechanical properties; Waste.

Fig. 1

The apparent porosity of the prepared ceramics from mixed kaolin/waste cullet at different sintering temperatures.

Fig. 2

The bulk density of the prepared ceramics from mixed kaolin/waste cullet at different sintering temperatures.

Fig. 3

X-ray diffraction of the selected samples from the first series sintered at 1000 °C where (a) 0, (b) 10, (c) 30, and (d) 50 wt% of glass cullet waste.

Fig. 4

X-ray diffraction of the selected samples from the first series sintered at 1200 °C where (a) 0, (b) 10, (c) 30, and (d) 50 wt% of glass cullet waste.

Fig. 5

SEM images of samples with 30 wt% (a) and 50 wt% (b) of cullet that were sintered at a temperature of 1200 °C.

Fig. 6

The hardness behavior of the prepared samples.

Fig. 7

X-ray diffraction pattern of selected Co₃O₄ doped—samples.

Fig. 8

X-ray diffraction pattern of selected CuO doped—samples.

Fig. 9

The apparent porosity and bulk density of Co₃O₄—doped samples sintered at 1000 °C.

Fig. 10

The apparent porosity and bulk density of CuO—doped samples sintered at 1000 °C.

Fig. 11

SEM images of Co₃O₄—doped samples sintered at 1000 °C.

Fig. 12

SEM images of Co₃O₄—doped samples sintered at 1000 °C.

Fig. 13

UV–Visible-NIR of the undoped and Co₃O₄ or CuO—doped samples.

Fig. 14

Photographic image of Co₃O₄ and CuO—doped Samples.

Fig. 15

The compressive strength of selected samples sintered at 1000 °C.