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. 2025 Jun 3;38(4):48.
doi: 10.1007/s10548-025-01122-1.

Interplay Between Cortical and Neurocardiac Interoceptive Processes and its Association with Self-Reported Interoceptive Sensibility

Mariana Oliveira  1 , Márcia da-Silva  1 , Lídia Carvalho  1 , A Ribeiro-Carreira  1 , Ana Rita Pereira  1 , Adriana Sampaio  1 , Joana Coutinho  1 , Alberto J González-Villar  2
Affiliations

Interplay Between Cortical and Neurocardiac Interoceptive Processes and its Association with Self-Reported Interoceptive Sensibility

Mariana Oliveira et al. Brain Topogr. .

Abstract

Interoception, the process of sensing and interpreting internal bodily signals, plays a crucial role in emotional regulation, decision-making, and overall well-being. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between self-reported interoceptive processes, assessed through the Body Perception Questionnaire (BPQ), and psychophysiological measures of interoception, including cardiac autonomic markers (HF-HRV and RMSSD), cortical processing of cardiac signals (heartbeat-evoked potentials, HEPs), and EEG microstates. We recorded EEG and ECG from 64 healthy volunteers during open-eyed resting state. A positive association was found between the Subdiaphragmatic Reactivity subscale of the BPQ and the coverage of microstate A, a spatial configuration linked to the activation of temporal brain regions, arousal, and sensory processing. No associations were observed between BPQ scores and cardiac measures or HEP amplitudes, suggesting that subjective reports may not align with psychophysiological indices of interoception. Associations were found between HEP amplitudes and microstates A and B, as well as between HRV measures and microstate D, highlighting potential links between autonomic functioning and brain activity during resting state. Although the BPQ is a widely used tool to assess interoceptive sensibility, it may not fully capture the complexity of this construct. These findings provide insight into the complex interplay between self-reported interoception and psychophysiological markers, while emphasizing the need for further research to clarify these relationships and their implications for emotional and cognitive processing.

Keywords: Heart-Brain Axis; Heartbeat Evoked Potentials; Interoception; Microstates.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
a: Time course of heartbeat-evoked potential at the selected region of interest. b: Topographical map of the heartbeat evoked potential amplitude within the 200–400 ms time window. c: Topographies of the 5 prototypes of microstates extracted
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Significant correlations between microstates and other measured variables. a: Association between the coverage of Microstate A and the Subdiaphragmatic Reactivity subscale of Body Perception Questionnaire (BPQ). b: Association between the coverage of Microstate D and HRV measures (left– RMSSD, right– HF-HRV). c: Association between the coverage of Microstate A (left) and B (right) with Heartbeat Evoked Potentials (HEPs)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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