Critical power and critical oxygenation: examining transferability between normoxia and hypoxia

Abstract

We sought to investigate if critical oxygenation (COx) is a robust marker of exercise intensity, and if it remains stable in normoxia and hypoxia with simultaneous changes in critical power (CP) and heart rate (HR). Thirty-three highly trained endurance athletes (11 females) underwent two 3-min CP cycling tests in normoxia (87 m ASL, F_iO₂ = 20.8%) and normobaric hypoxia (3200 m ASL, F_iO₂ = 14.2%). Repeated measures ANOVA with partial eta (ηp2) and omega squared (ω²) effect sizes was employed to compare systemic (SpO₂) and muscle oxygen saturation (SmO₂) at rest and COx, HR, and CP during exercise between normoxia and hypoxia with biological sex as an independent variable. Bayesian T-tests were conducted as the confirmatory analysis. Significant differences between normoxia and hypoxia for SpO₂ and SmO₂ were observed at rest in both sexes. During exercise, COx in the triceps brachii, CP and various HR indices exhibited significant differences (p < 0.001), whereas differences were not significant in the vastus lateralis (p = 0.355). The Bayesian analysis supported these findings. The decrease in COx in the triceps brachii in hypoxia was larger in females than in males (30 vs. 21% drop respectively, p = 0.019). However, no environment×sex interaction was found for CP, HR, and COx in vastus lateralis. COx in locomotor muscles remains stable across the tested ambient oxygen concentrations, whereas CP and HR exhibit significant differences between normoxia and hypoxia. Accordingly, COx may be useful in optimizing training load and cycling performance under different oxygen availability conditions.

Keywords: Altitude; Critical power; Cycling; Hypoxia; Muscle oxygenation; NIRS; Testing.

Fig. 1

Changes of muscle oxygen saturation, critical power and heart rate in normoxia and hypoxia during 3-min cycling test, combined for males and females (n = 33) Error bars reflect standard deviations. Panel A presents muscle oxygen saturation, panel B presents critical power, panel C presents heart rate. ns no significant differences, ***significant differences with p value < 0.001, COx critical muscle oxygen saturation, N normoxia, H hypoxia, %SmO2 arbitrary unit of muscle oxygen saturation, CP critical power, HR heart rate

Fig. 2

Individual changes of muscle oxygen saturation and relative critical power (n = 33) COx critical muscle oxygen saturation, %SmO2 arbitrary unit of muscle oxygen saturation, N normoxia, H hypoxia

Fig. 3

Sample graph illustrating transferability of COx_VL between normoxia and hypoxia, drawn from the data of one of the study participants (3-min Critical Power test). SmO2 muscle oxygen saturation, %SmO2 arbitrary unit of muscle oxygen saturation