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Review
. 2025 Jun;17(8):595-603.
doi: 10.1080/1750743X.2025.2516995. Epub 2025 Jun 6.

Mitigation strategies for gastrointestinal (GI) immune-related adverse events for patients with solid tumors receiving immunotherapy

Angioletta Lasagna  1
Affiliations
Review

Mitigation strategies for gastrointestinal (GI) immune-related adverse events for patients with solid tumors receiving immunotherapy

Angioletta Lasagna. Immunotherapy. 2025 Jun.

Abstract

Over the past decade, immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment algorithm for solid tumors. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) demonstrated efficacy against several tumor types, but they can favor the development of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). IrAEs can sometimes be life-threatening. In this review, we will briefly analyze the main gastro-intestinal toxicities and focus on potential strategies for mitigating irAEs, particularly through the modification of gut microbiota (GM) composition. Finally, we will briefly dwell on the potential role of artificial intelligence (AI) in the prediction of irAEs.

Keywords: Immune checkpoint inhibitors; artificial intelligence; cancer; colitis; fecal microbiota transplantation; gut microbiota; hepatitis; quality of life.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties.

No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

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