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. 2025 Jun 7;22(1):99.
doi: 10.1186/s12954-025-01237-5.

Community-based drug checking at syringe service programs in New York City observe an increasing prevalence of xylazine from 2021 through 2024

Leonardo A Dominguez Gomez  1 , Yarelix Estrada  2 , Jeffery Sauer  2 , Izza Zaidi  2 , Andrew J Trinidad  2 , Hannah Helmy  2 , Alex Harocopos  2
Affiliations

Community-based drug checking at syringe service programs in New York City observe an increasing prevalence of xylazine from 2021 through 2024

Leonardo A Dominguez Gomez et al. Harm Reduct J. .

Abstract

Background: Xylazine has emerged as a major component of the unregulated opioid supply in several jurisdictions across the United States. However, the extent of xylazine in local drug supplies is unknown. Drug checking is a harm reduction strategy that provides information to people who use drugs and allows for insight into the composition of local drug supplies.

Methods: The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) worked with syringe service program (SSP) partners to operate a drug checking pilot study that continued as a public health program. Drug samples were submitted by SSP participants for drug checking by trained DOHMH staff and further testing by secondary laboratory partners. The secondary laboratory used both GC/MS and LC-QTOF-MS to identify compounds present in a drug sample.

Results: Drug samples collected from November 2021 through December 2024 were analyzed. There were N = 1027 secondary laboratory testing results that contained opioids. Of these, n = 449 (43.7%) also contained xylazine. The prevalence of opioids containing xylazine increased from 10.7% in 2021 to 53.7% through 2024. Visualization of the monthly xylazine prevalence, as well as an accompanying chi-square test for trend in proportions (χ2 = 45.229, degrees of freedom = 1, p-value = < 0.001), provided further evidence that the prevalence of xylazine increased over time.

Conclusion: The prevalence of xylazine in samples containing opioids has increased in New York City from November 2021 through December 2024. Drug checking can monitor changes in the local drug supply and inform existing harm reduction efforts.

Keywords: Drug checking; Fentanyl; Harm reduction; New York City; Opioids; Xylazine.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was submitted to and approved by the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene Institutional Review Board as a research activity (protocol #21–034). Consent for publication: Consent to participate in the drug checking pilot study and program included information that data collected will be stored and analyzed for scientific purposes. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Monthly frequency and proportion of xylazine identification in drug samples containing opioids (n = 449 total xylazine detections). Chi-square test for trend of proportions provides evidence against a null hypothesis of no trend (χ2 = 45.229, degrees of freedom = 1, p-value = < 0.001). Data collected from participating syringe service programs in New York City, November 2021 through December 2024
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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