Retiring the language of first-line and second-line ART

Affiliations

¹ Global HIV, Hepatitis and STIs Programmes, World Health Organization, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.
² Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
³ Global HIV, Hepatitis and STIs Programmes, World Health Organization, Geneva 1211, Switzerland; Centre for Integrated Data and Epidemiological Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Electronic address: fordn@who.int.
⁴ Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
⁵ HIV Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

Marco Vitoria et al. Lancet HIV. 2025 Sep.

. 2025 Sep;12(9):e608-e610.

doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(25)00137-7. Epub 2025 Jun 5.

¹ Global HIV, Hepatitis and STIs Programmes, World Health Organization, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.
² Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
³ Global HIV, Hepatitis and STIs Programmes, World Health Organization, Geneva 1211, Switzerland; Centre for Integrated Data and Epidemiological Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Electronic address: fordn@who.int.
⁴ Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
⁵ HIV Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

No abstract available

Conflict of interest statement

We declare no competing interests.

1. DeVita VT, Jr, Chu E. A history of cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Res. 2008;68:8643–53. - PubMed
1. Ford N, Ball A, Baggaley R, et al. The WHO public health approach to HIV treatment and care: looking back and looking ahead. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18:e76–86. - PubMed
1. WHO. Updated recommendations on first- and second-line antiretroviral regimens and post-exposure prophylaxis and recommendations on early infant diagnosis of HIV: interim guidance. World Health Organization; 2018.
1. UNAIDS. The urgency of now: AIDS at a crossroads Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. 2024
1. Burke RM, Rickman HM, Pinto C, Ehrenkranz P, Choko A, Ford N. Reasons for disengagement from antiretroviral care in the era of “treat all”in low- or middle-income countries: a systematic review. J Int AIDS Soc. 2024;27:e26230. doi: 10.1002/jia2.26230. - DOI - PMC - PubMed