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. 2025 May 20;10(21):21147-21161.
doi: 10.1021/acsomega.4c09705. eCollection 2025 Jun 3.

Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of 2‑Benzylidene-1-Indanone Derivatives and Evaluation as a Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in 1 M HCl Solution

Ricardo Ballinas-Indili  1 , Paola Roncagliolo-Barrera  2 , Roberto Salcedo  3 , Francisco J Rodríguez-Gómez  2 , Cecilio Álvarez-Toledano  4
Affiliations

Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of 2‑Benzylidene-1-Indanone Derivatives and Evaluation as a Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in 1 M HCl Solution

Ricardo Ballinas-Indili et al. ACS Omega. .

Abstract

This study explores the ultrasound-assisted synthesis of three 2-benzylidene-1-indanone derivatives and assesses their effectiveness as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel AISI 1018 in 1 M HCl through electrochemical techniques and density functional theory (DFT) quantum chemical calculations. The results indicate that the inhibitors studied; specifically IND-1, (Z)-2-(hydroxy-(phenyl)-methylene)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one; IND-2, (Z)-2-(hydroxy-(pyridine-3-yl)-methylene)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one and IND-3, (Z)-2-((4-(dimethylamino)-phenyl)-(hydroxy)-methylene)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one, modified the cathodic reaction mechanism. These inhibitors achieve efficiencies greater than 98%, and their inhibitory effect does not increase with higher concentrations. A comparison of computational predictions and experimental analyses indicates that the pyridine ring and the diethylamino group reduce the inhibitory capacity of carbon steel in acidic environments.

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Figures

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1. Tautomers of the 1,3-Diketone Derivative Indanone
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2. Molecular Structures of Indanone Derivatives Evaluated as Corrosion Inhibitors
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PP of AISI 1018 in 1.0 M HCl of (a) IND-1, (b) IND-2, (c) IND-3, and (d) Inhibitor efficiency.
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Nyquist plots for AISI 1018 in 1.0 M HCl of (a) Blank, (b)­IND-1, (c) IND-2, and (d) IND-3 at 298 K.
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AISI 1018 steel without inhibitors and IND-1, IND-2, and IND-3 at 0.06 M.
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AFM of AISI 1018 mild steel without inhibitor, IND-1, IND-2, and IND-3 at 0.06 M.
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Frontier molecular orbitals of IND-1, IND-2, and IND-3 compounds.
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Molecular electrostatic potential mapped onto the electron density and simultaneous interaction of carboxylic group and aromatic ring with Fe particles of (a) face-centered cubic iron lattice, (b) IND-1, (c) IND-2, and (d) IND-3.
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Absorption mechanism of IND-1, IND-2, and IND-3 in mild steel.
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