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. 2025 Jun 10;25(1):2143.
doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-22903-0.

Effects of psychosocial factors on Swedish waste collectors musculoskeletal pain through the mediating roles of occupational fatigue and physical demands: a structural equation model

Wenchu Huang  1 , Xu Jin  1 , Longao Yang  1 , Yidan Dong  2 , Yun Wang  1 , Lihua He  3 , Liyun Yang  4 , Mikael Forsman  4   5
Affiliations

Effects of psychosocial factors on Swedish waste collectors musculoskeletal pain through the mediating roles of occupational fatigue and physical demands: a structural equation model

Wenchu Huang et al. BMC Public Health. .

Abstract

Background: Musculoskeletal pain is waste collectors' most common non-fatal and disabling health problem. However, research on how psychosocial factors affect musculoskeletal pain via physical and psychosocial pathways is limited. This study aimed to examine the effects of leadership quality, social support, and job demands on musculoskeletal pain among Swedish waste collectors. In addition, the mediating roles of physical demands and occupational fatigue and their chain mediation were also examined.

Methods: A 2015 cross-sectional survey of all Swedish waste collectors utilized validated scales (COPSOQ II, SOFI-20, Nordic Questionnaire) to assess exposures (psychosocial factors), mediators (occupational fatigue, physical demands), and outcomes (musculoskeletal pain). Of 1005 eligible workers (≥ 1 year experience), 662 analyzed (65.9% response rate). Participants (median age = 47 years, IQR = 34-54; mean BMI = 27.1 ± 4.0 kg/m2) were primarily male (96.4%), operated rear-loader trucks (77.8%), and had 1-10 years of work experience (54.8%). Structural equation modeling and bias-corrected bootstrapping were used to assess direct/indirect pathways, with p ≤ 0.05 or 95% bootstrapped CIs excluded zero taken as significant.

Results: Occupational fatigue explains the majority of the intermediate processes. Specifically, occupational fatigue mediated the effects of job demands (β = 0.185, 95% CI: 0.134-0.246), leadership quality (β = -0.074, 95% CI: -0.123 - -0.031), and social support (β = -0.051, 95% CI: -0.095 - -0.007) on musculoskeletal pain. Physical demands mediated job demands (β = 0.113, 95% CI: 0.075-0.155) and leadership quality (β = -0.038, 95% CI: -0.077 - -0.003) on musculoskeletal pain. Physical demands also amplified occupational fatigue (β = 0.369, p < 0.001), forming a chain mediation pathway.

Conclusions: Leadership quality and job demands significantly influenced musculoskeletal pain through the mediating roles of occupational fatigue and physical demands, respectively. Social support's impact was limited to occupational fatigue mediation. Physical demands may translate to occupational fatigue and be linked to musculoskeletal pain. Managers of waste collectors should prioritize leadership training and the construction of good psychosocial factors to manage physical demands, ensure mental health, and thereby mitigate musculoskeletal pain.

Keywords: Musculoskeletal pain; Occupational fatigue; Physical demand; Psychosocial factor; Waste collector.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Regional Ethical Review Board in Stockholm (Dnr 2014/1120-31). Informed consent was obtained from all subjects and/or their legal guardian(s). All procedures were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations, and research reported in this manuscript was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Research framework with the three proposed hypotheses (H1-H3). Note: The plus sign (+) represents a positive relationship
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
The participant flow chart in this study
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
The final structural equation model. Notes: Abbreviations: JD = Job demands; LS = Leadership quality; SS = Social support; PPD = Perceived physical demands; OF = Occupational fatigue; MP = Musculoskeletal pain
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