Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2025 Jun 11.
doi: 10.1002/ijgo.70267. Online ahead of print.

Clustering in gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review

Wesley Hannah  1 , Balaji Bhavadharini  1 , Viswanathan Baskar  1 , Ranjit Mohan Anjana  1   2 , Suchitra Chandrasekaran  3 , Ram Uma  4 , Polina Popova  5 , Mohan Deepa  1 , Viswanathan Mohan  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Clustering in gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review

Wesley Hannah et al. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. .

Abstract

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a heterogenous disease with significant clinical variation. Studies of GDM clusters that are distinctive in terms of maternal characteristics could pave the way for more personalized treatments.

Aim: We aimed to collate studies dealing with clusters of GDM published in the literature.

Methods: A search strategy was developed and databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Ovid were searched until August 2024. Two reviewers (with a third if there was disagreement) screened the title/abstract and full text of articles and identified studies that performed clustering analysis or reported different clusters of GDM. The findings from the included studies were summarized.

Results: From the comprehensive literature search, 1579 studies were identified. After removal of duplicate studies, 990 studies were screened based on title/abstract, from which 24 full-text studies were selected, with 14 studies finally included in this systematic review. From these studies, it can be seen that clustering was performed mainly based on values of oral glucose tolerance tests. Other means of clustering in the literature also included metabolic, insulin, genetic and continuous glucose monitoring parameters.

Conclusion: There are several studies reporting on clustering of GDM. However, future studies should identify the most appropriate way to stratify women diagnosed with GDM in order to improve pregnancy outcomes and beyond.

Keywords: clustering; gestational diabetes mellitus; metabolic profile; profiling; stratification; systematic review.

PubMed Disclaimer

References

REFERENCES

    1. Diagnostic criteria and classification of hyperglycaemia first detected in pregnancy: a World Health Organization guideline. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014;103(3):341‐363.
    1. Hod M, Kapur A, Sacks DA, et al. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) initiative on gestational diabetes mellitus: a pragmatic guide for diagnosis, management, and care. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2015;131(Suppl 3):S173‐S211.
    1. Group HSCR, Metzger BE, Lowe LP, et al. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(19):1991‐2002.
    1. Mantri N, Goel AD, Patel M, et al. National and regional prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in India: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. BMC Public Health. 2024;24(1):527.
    1. Swaminathan G, Swaminathan A, Corsi DJ. Prevalence of gestational diabetes in India by individual socioeconomic, demographic, and clinical factors. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(11):e2025074.

LinkOut - more resources