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. 2025 Jun 4:2025:8816198.
doi: 10.1155/jdr/8816198. eCollection 2025.

Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Are at Greater Risk of Developing New Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease Following COVID-19

Justin Y Lu  1 , Shiv Mehrotra-Varma  1 , Stephen H Wang  1   2 , Montek Singh Boparai  1 , Sonya Henry  1 , Jai Mehrotra-Varma  1 , Tim Q Duong  1   3
Affiliations

Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Are at Greater Risk of Developing New Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease Following COVID-19

Justin Y Lu et al. J Diabetes Res. .

Abstract

Background: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that COVID-19 status increases the incidence of new hypertension (HTN) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: This retrospective study consisted of 46,448 patients with T2D from the Montefiore Health System in the Bronx (3/01/2020-7/01/2023), of which 13,801 had a positive COVID-19 test on record. Contemporary controls included those hospitalized for other lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) (n = 1638) and nonhospitalized patients without COVID-19 or LRTI (n = 31009). Outcomes were assessed at follow-up (2 months to 3 years) relative to baseline. Adjusted hazards ratios (aHRs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were computed. Results: The cumulative incidences of HTN (22.32% vs. 9.13%, p < 0.001) and CKD (6.20% vs. 2.03%, p <0.001) were significantly higher in nonhospitalized COVID-19 compared to non-COVID-19 patients, but not between patients hospitalized for COVID-19 and LRTI (p > 0.05). Nonhospitalized COVID-19 patients had higher risk of developing HTN compared to non-COVID patients during all follow-up (aHR 1.99, 95% CI [1.54, 2.57], p < 0.001), but hospitalized COVID-19 patients had similar risk of developing HTN relative to patients hospitalized for LRTI (aHR 1.26 [0.70, 2.27], p = 0.441). Nonhospitalized COVID-19 patients had higher risk of developing CKD compared to non-COVID patients during all follow-up (aHR 2.09 [1.69, 2.76], p < 0.001), but hospitalized COVID-19 patients had similar risk of developing CKD relative to patients hospitalized for LRTI (aHR 0.96 [0.79, 1.36], p = 0.131). Conclusions: T2D patients with COVID-19 were at higher risk of developing new disorders compared with COVID-19-negative controls and were at similar risk compared with those hospitalized for other LRTIs.

Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; acute kidney injury; cytokine storm; postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC); renal failure.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flowchart illustrating patient selection.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Cumulative incidence of new hypertension (HTN) for all patients with T2D who returned to our health system with (a) hospitalized COVID versus LRTI and (b) nonhospitalized COVID versus non-COVID/LRTI.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Cumulative incidence of new chronic kidney disease (CKD) for all patients with T2D who returned to our health system with (a) hospitalized COVID versus LRTI and (b) nonhospitalized COVID versus non-COVID/LRTI.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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