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. 2025 Jun;17(3):e70052.
doi: 10.1111/aphw.70052.

Momentary solitude and affective experiences: The moderating role of trait mindfulness

Xinyuan Peng  1 , Da Jiang  1 , Dwight C K Tse  2 , Yuen Wan Ho  3 , Jennifer Lay  4
Affiliations

Momentary solitude and affective experiences: The moderating role of trait mindfulness

Xinyuan Peng et al. Appl Psychol Health Well Being. 2025 Jun.

Abstract

Adults spend a significant amount of time alone every day, but mindfulness factors influencing the experience of solitude (time spent alone) are underexplored. Based on person-environment fit theory, we examined the moderating role of five facets of trait mindfulness (observing, describing, acting with awareness, nonjudging of inner experiences, and nonreactivity to inner experiences) on the relationship between solitude and affective experiences. In this experience sampling study, 188 adults (Mage = 51.47, SDage = 17.75, range = 19-93, 66.50% female) in Hong Kong completed a trait mindfulness questionnaire and then were notified five times a day for seven consecutive days to report their momentary social situation (in solitude or not) and affective states. We found that higher scores on describing and acting with awareness weakened the negative association between solitude and high-arousal positive affect. Higher nonreactivity to inner experiences amplified the positive association between solitude and low-arousal positive affect. Higher observing weakened the positive association between solitude and low-arousal negative affect. These findings enhance our understanding of solitude experiences by highlighting the role of trait mindfulness in enhancing affective experiences in solitude.

Keywords: affective experiences; experience sampling method; mindfulness; solitude.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
The Johnson‐Neyman plot showing the interaction between solitude and describing (a), as well as the interaction between solitude and acting with awareness (b), when HAP affect was entered as the dependent variable.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
The Johnson‐Neyman plot showing the interaction between solitude and nonjudging of inner experiences (a), as well as the interaction between solitude and nonreactivity to inner experiences (b), when LAP affect was entered as the dependent variable.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
The Johnson‐Neyman plot showing the interaction between solitude and observing (a), as well as the interaction between solitude and nonreactivity to inner experiences (b), when LAN affect was entered as the dependent variable.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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