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. 2025 May 22;14(11):3643.
doi: 10.3390/jcm14113643.

End-of-Life Care Training for Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury in Ghana: A Novel Curriculum and Its Initial Implementation

John Bruno  1   2   3 , Mayur Patel  2 , Rebecca Henderson  3 , Michael Mathelier  2   4 , Taylor N Smith  2   5 , Joseph C Pompa  2 , Cassandra Clay  6 , Marie-Carmelle Elie  7 , Sheba Afi Mansa Fiadzomor  8   9 , Lawrence Nsohlebna Nsoh  8   9 , Torben K Becker  1   2
Affiliations

End-of-Life Care Training for Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury in Ghana: A Novel Curriculum and Its Initial Implementation

John Bruno et al. J Clin Med. .

Abstract

The implementation and practice of palliative medicine have numerous boundaries in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), stemming from various cultural, legal, and religious concerns. Additionally, professional education in palliative care medicine in these countries is severely lacking, especially when compared with developed countries. Background/Objectives: To enhance and demystify palliative medicine practice to health care providers in LMICs. Methods: We developed a novel and comprehensive course in palliative care medicine and end-of-life (EOL) care, specifically within the context of management of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). We performed both immediate pre-course and post-course analysis of course participant comprehension and feedback, as well as a one-year post-course analysis and small group discussion. Results: The comprehension of the course material was strong, as participants scored an average of 13.9 points better on the post-test compared to the pre-test (49.6% vs. 35.7%, p < 0.001). Participants in the one-year follow-up session reported long-term applicability of the course material in their respective practice settings, with all participants reporting that they utilize the course material often. Small group discussion responses indicated a strong level of comprehension of the course material. Conclusions: Providing education in palliative medicine to health care professionals in LMICs is feasible, and likely to be both well-received and strongly influential to local medical practice. Local cultural and religious practices may be less of a barrier to the provision of palliative medicine than previously considered. Practicing palliative medicine, particularly at EOL, may strengthen patient-provider relationships, improve job satisfaction among health care providers, and improve the perception of medical care provided in LMIC medical settings.

Keywords: end-of-life; low- and middle-income countries; palliative care; traumatic brain injury.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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