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Review
. 2025 Jun 3;13(11):1328.
doi: 10.3390/healthcare13111328.

Effects of Virtual Reality on Adults Diagnosed with Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review

Rocío García-de-la-Banda-García  1 , David Cruz-Díaz  2 , Juan Francisco García-Vázquez  1 , María Del Mar Martínez-Lentisco  3 , Felipe León-Morillas  2
Affiliations
Review

Effects of Virtual Reality on Adults Diagnosed with Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review

Rocío García-de-la-Banda-García et al. Healthcare (Basel). .

Abstract

Background/objectives: Non-specific low back pain represents a high number of primary care consultations, generating a great social and economic cost. There is a higher prevalence in women, and it may be associated with multiple factors. One of the most innovative tools in rehabilitation is virtual reality-based therapy. Virtual reality positively affects the motivation of participants and generates greater adherence to treatment, so this factor could lead to long-term functional improvement. The objective of this review is to update the effectiveness of virtual reality programs on pain, disability, kinesiophobia, and changes in the thoracoabdominal musculature in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain.

Methodology: PubMed, PEDro, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were used in this systematic review. The research question was formulated using PICOS. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was used. Inclusion criteria were randomized clinical trials, participants were men and/or women over 18 years of age who were diagnosed with chronic non-specific low back pain, and articles that included virtual reality as a treatment. Articles with a level of evidence lower than 5/10 on the PEDro scale were excluded.

Results: A total of 14 studies were included with sample sizes between 34 and 188 participants. Studies showed significant improvements in pain reduction, kinesiophobia, and disability (inflammation and motor control). Some studies showed long-term benefits, with effects maintained up to 18 months post-intervention, especially in the reduction in pain and its interference with daily activities.

Conclusions: The findings of this systematic review support the efficacy of virtual reality as an effective and safe therapeutic option for the treatment of chronic non-specific low back pain.

Keywords: chronic low back pain; exercise; low back pain; rehabilitation; virtual reality.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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