Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 May 29:13:1609641.
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1609641. eCollection 2025.

Development of a data-driven urban immunity assessment model: providing a new benchmark for urban governance under public health emergencies

Peng Cui  1   2 , Saiya Cao  1 , Ruize Qin  3 , Fan Zhang  4
Affiliations

Development of a data-driven urban immunity assessment model: providing a new benchmark for urban governance under public health emergencies

Peng Cui et al. Front Public Health. .

Abstract

Public health emergencies (PHEs) pose significant challenges to global urban governance systems, necessitating the establishment of more efficient and dynamically adaptive response mechanisms. Numerous cases indicate that current urban governance still faces the risk of systemic failure under PHE shocks, leading to severe socio-economic consequences. Existing studies, based on theories such as resilience, emergency management, and risk management, primarily employ traditional statistical modeling or single-discipline approaches to explore improvement pathways. However, they fall short in cross-system and multi-agent coordination mechanisms, as well as data-driven intelligent optimization. Therefore, this project draws inspiration from the principles of the human immune system, introduces the concept of urban immunity to characterize the level of urban governance under PHEs, and follows the approach of "feature decoding → mechanism analysis → spatiotemporal measurement → trend prediction → model optimization → decision output." It refines the theoretical framework of urban immunity, analyzes urban immune response mechanisms, develops an immunity indicator system, assesses the spatiotemporal patterns of urban immunity, and builds a decision-making model using intelligent optimization methods to generate optimized solutions for different scenarios. Ultimately, the project aims to establish a data-driven, evidence-based decision-making approach. This project seeks to provide a more systematic and operational theoretical framework for urban public health governance while promoting the digital and intelligent transformation of public health management, thereby enhancing PHE prevention and control capabilities.

Keywords: assessment system; machine learning; optimization model; public health emergencies management; urban immunity.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Technology roadmap.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Conceptual mapping relationship between human and urban immunity.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Mechanisms of the urban immune response.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Urban immunity assessment framework.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Urban immunity optimization model (UIOM).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

    1. Li W, Yuan J, Ji C, Wei S, Li Q. Agent-based simulation model for investigating the evolution of social risk in infrastructure projects in China: a social network perspective. Sustain Cities Soc. (2021) 73:103112. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2021.103112 - DOI
    1. Li W, Guo J, Yuan J, Liu HJ, Edwards DJ. Exploring the key indicators of social impact assessment for Sponge City PPPs: a sustainable development perspective. Buildings. (2022) 12:1329. doi: 10.3390/buildings12091329 - DOI
    1. Cao X, Wang D. Urban resilience governance mechanism: insights from COVID-19 prevention and control in 30 Chinese cities. Risk Anal. (2025) 45:40–55. doi: 10.1111/risa.14615, PMID: - DOI - PubMed
    1. Tayfur I, Şimşek P, Gunduz A, Kako M, Nomura S, Ryan B. Strengthening public health system resilience to disasters in Türkiye: insights from a scorecard methodology. Int J Disast Risk Reduct. (2024) 113:104869. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104869, PMID: - DOI
    1. Pan W. Self-adaptive hybrid urban morphologies community (HUMC): its shared environment and soft intervention for sustainable urban governance. Build Environ. (2023) 236:110251. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110251 - DOI

LinkOut - more resources