Gut Microbiota in Lactose Intolerance: A Mendelian Randomization Study on Microbial Mechanisms and Potential Links to Tumor Inflammatory Microenvironments

Abstract

Background: Previous observational studies have suggested an association between the composition of the intestinal microbiome and lactose intolerance (LI). However, the causal direction remains unclear. This study utilized Mendelian randomization (MR) to rigorously evaluate the potential causal link between the gut microbiome and LI. Methods: Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) summary statistics for gut microbiota and LI were sourced from previously published GWAS studies. Multiple methods, such as Simple mode, MR-Egger regression, weighted median, inverse variance-weighted (IVW), and weighted model, were used to determine the causal relationship between gut microbiota and LI. To validate the primary findings from the MR analyses, several sensitivity analyses were conducted. Furthermore, a reverse MR analysis was executed on bacterial taxa previously identified to have a potential causal link with LI risk, aiming to evaluate the possibility of reverse causation. Results: The IVW results revealed that the genus Lachnospiraceae UCG008 (OR = 0.584, 95%CI 0.356-0.958, p=0.0330), genus Eubacterium hallii group (OR = 0.467, 95% CI 0.242-0.899, p=0.023), and genus Ruminococcus gauvreauii group (OR = 0.506, 95% CI 0.2653-0.968, p=0.039) have a protective effect against LI. In contrast, the genus Holdemania (OR = 1.86, 95% CI 1.105-3.131, p=0.0194) displayed a predisposing effect. Sensitivity analyses did not detect any outlier single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Further analyses reinforced the association between specific gut microbiota compositions and LI. No evidence suggested reverse causality between LI and the bacterial taxa identified in the reverse MR analysis. Conclusions: From a genetic standpoint, this MR study indicates a causal relationship between variations in gut microbiota composition and LI. This not only underscores the potential of gut microbiota-centric treatments for LI but also provides a foundation for exploring the role of gut microbiota in LI development. Further study of the mechanism of Lachnospiraceae in the treatment of IL is conducive to the discovery of new therapeutic targets for IL.

Keywords: gut microbiota; inflammation; lactose intolerance; mendelian randomization; tumor microenvironment.

Figure 1

Study design of the bidirectional MR study of the associations between gut microbiota and LI.

Figure 2

The circus plot showing five method results of all gut microbiota.

Figure 3

Scatter plots for the causal effect of gut microbiota on LI. (A) genus Holdemania,(B) genus Lachnospiraceae (UCG008), (C) genus Eubacterium (hallii group), and (D) genus Ruminococcus (gauvreauii group). Plot showing the effect sizes of the SNP effects on LI (y-axes) and the SNP effects on bacterial traits (x-axes).

Figure 4

Leave-one-out plots for the causal effect of gut microbiota on LI. (A) genus Holdemania, (B) genus Lachnospiraceae (UCG008), (C) genus Eubacterium (hallii group), and (D) genus Ruminococcus (gauvreauii group).