Increased maternal exercise of moderate intensity improves pregnancy outcomes of gestational diabetes mellitus patients through maintaining the balance of the gut microbiota

Abstract

Background: Exercise therapy can reduce insulin resistance during pregnancy and improve glucose tolerance in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), leading to better pregnancy outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different exercise levels on GDM from the perspective of gut microbiota.

Methods: Ninety patients with GDM were enrolled and divided into two groups: the L (n = 50) and the M (n = 40) groups. The L group performed 150 min of aerobic exercise per week, while the M group exercised for 200 min per week. After 8 weeks of intervention, fecal samples from each subject were collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing.

Results: Different exercise levels significantly affected membrane rupture and gestational weight gain in GDM patients (p < 0.05), but these effects were not significantly correlated by logistic regression analysis (p > 0.05). After sequencing, 4,712 OTUs and 3,483 OTUs were identified in the M and L groups, respectively, with 2,643 OTUs overlapping between both groups. Compared to the L group, the α-diversity in the M group was significantly increased (p < 0.05). The dominant phyla were Firmicutes, Actinobacteriota, and Bacteroidota. Compared to the L group, the M group had a significantly higher abundance of Firmicutes and a significantly lower abundance of Actinobacteriota. At the genus level, LEfSe analysis revealed that moderate-intensity exercise increased the levels of Faecalibacterium, Agathobacter, Roseburia, and Osillospira, but decreased the abundance of Bifidobacterium and Coprobacillus.

Conclusion: There were significant differences in the composition and structure of the gut microbiota of patients with GDM with different exercise levels.

Keywords: Faecalibacterium; biodiversity; exercise; gestational diabetes mellitus; gut microbiota.

Figure 1

Effects of different exercise levels on the overall structure of gut microbiota in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). (A) Rank-abundance curves of all the samples; (B) Beta diversity analysis using pincipal coordinate analysis (PCoA) based on the Bray Curtis distance; (C) Venn diagram of the identified gut microbiota (OTUs) in the M and L groups. (D) Alpha diversity analyses based on the Simpson, Chao, and Shannon indices. M: participants who exercised 200 min per week; L: participants who received 150 min of aerobic exercise per week.

Figure 2

Effects of different exercise levels on the specific gut microbiota in GDM from the phylum level. (A) The dominant phyla of gut microbiota in the M and L groups; (B) Differences in the specific gut microbiota between groups using Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis at the phylum level. M: participants who exercised 200 min per week; L: participants who received 150 min of aerobic exercise per week.

Figure 3

Effects of different exercise levels on the specific gut microbiota in GDM at the genus level. (A) Distribution of top30 dominant genera of gut microbiota in the different groups; (B) Clustering heatmap of the top20 genera of gut microbiota in the M and L groups; (C) Differences in the specific gut microbiota between the M and L groups using LEfSe analysis at the phylum level. M: participants who exercised 200 min per week; L: participants who received 150 min of aerobic exercise per week.