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. 2025 Jun 12:23.
doi: 10.18332/tid/204744. eCollection 2025.

Smoking-related bladder cancer burden from 1990 to 2021: An age-period-cohort analysis of the global burden of disease study

Qingqing Yu  1 , Bing Li  2 , Hao Lin  3 , Chao Sun  3 , Xinyue Yang  4 , Zhiqiang Zhang  4
Affiliations

Smoking-related bladder cancer burden from 1990 to 2021: An age-period-cohort analysis of the global burden of disease study

Qingqing Yu et al. Tob Induc Dis. .

Abstract

Introduction: Bladder cancer is common in the elderly, with smoking as a major risk factor. This study assesses the global burden of bladder cancer attributable to smoking, using data from 204 countries and regions (1990-2021).

Methods: Mortality, age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and age-standardized DALY rates (ASDR) were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study. The burden of smoking-related bladder cancer was analyzed by age, gender, and sociodemographic index (SDI).

Results: Between 1990 and 2021, global deaths due to smoking-related bladder cancer increased by 42.9%, while disability rose by 31.0%. In 2021, the global number of bladder cancer deaths due to smoking reached 58766 (95% UI: 49381-70891). Despite these increases, both ASMR and ASDR declined globally. Males experienced a higher increase in mortality and disability, with rates approximately 10 times higher than females. Middle SDI countries saw the largest rise in burden. The annual decline in mortality was 2.06%, greater in males than females.

Conclusions: The burden of smoking-related bladder cancer is higher in males, middle-aged and elderly individuals, and medium to high SDI countries. Targeted prevention and health policies are crucial to reducing the disease's impact on populations and healthcare systems.

Keywords: ageperiod-cohort analysis; bladder cancer; global burden of disease; smoking.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest and none was reported.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The temporal change of the mortality rate and DALYs in bladder cancer attributable to smoking across age groups: A, C) The relative proportion of bladder cancer mortality and DALYs; B, D) The temporal changes in the mortality rate and DALYs of bladder cancer
Figure 2
Figure 2
The local drifts, age effects, period effects, and cohort effects of bladder cancer mortality attributable to smoking from 1990 to 2021: A–D) mortality data; E–H) DALYs
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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