Annual (2024) taxonomic update of RNA-directed RNA polymerase-encoding negative-sense RNA viruses (realm Riboviria: kingdom Orthornavirae: phylum Negarnaviricota)

Jens H Kuhn¹, Scott Adkins², Sergey V Alkhovsky³, Wenxia An⁴, Tatjana Avšič-Županc⁵, María A Ayllón^{6

7}, Katarina Bačnik⁸, Justin Bahl^{9

10}, Anne Balkema-Buschmann¹¹, Matthew J Ballinger¹², Martin Beer¹³, Nicolas Bejerman¹⁴, Éric Bergeron¹⁵, Nadine Biedenkopf¹⁶, Carol D Blair¹⁷, Kim R Blasdell¹⁸, Steven B Bradfute¹⁹, Thomas Briese²⁰, Katherine Brown²¹, Paul A Brown²², Ursula J Buchholz²³, Michael J Buchmeier²⁴, Alexander Bukreyev²⁵, Felicity Burt²⁶, Charles H Calisher²⁷, Sten Calvelage¹³, Mengji Cao²⁸, Inmaculada Casas²⁹, Camila Chabi-Jesus³⁰, Kartik Chandran³¹, Rémi N Charrel³², Anya Crane¹, Laura N Cuypers^{33

34}, Elena Dal Bó³⁵, Juan Carlos de la Torre³⁶, William M de Souza³⁷, Rik L de Swart³⁸, Humberto J Debat^{39

40}, Nolwenn M Dheilly⁴¹, Nicholas Di Paola⁴², Francesco Di Serio⁴³, Ralf G Dietzgen⁴⁴, Michele Digiaro⁴⁵, J Felix Drexler⁴⁶, W Paul Duprex⁴⁷, Ralf Dürrwald⁴⁸, Andrew J Easton⁴⁹, Toufic Elbeaino⁴⁵, Koray Ergünay^{50

51

52}, Mirette I Y Eshak¹³, Guozhong Feng⁵³, Andrew E Firth²¹, Anthony R Fooks⁵⁴, Pierre B H Formenty⁵⁵, Juliana Freitas-Astúa⁵⁶, Conrad M Freuling⁵⁷, Tuija Gadd⁵⁸, Selma Gago-Zachert⁵⁹, María Laura García⁶⁰, Adolfo García-Sastre⁶¹, Aura R Garrison⁴², Tony L Goldberg⁶², Jean-Paul J Gonzalez⁶³, Joëlle Goüy de Bellocq⁶⁴, Anthony Griffiths⁶⁵, Martin H Groschup⁶⁶, Sophie Gryseels³³, Ion Gutiérrez-Aguirre⁸, Stephan Günther⁶⁷, John Hammond^{68

69}, Jussi Hepojoki^{70

71}, Masayuki Horie^{72

73}, Adam J Hume⁷⁴, Timothy H Hyndman⁷⁵, Dirk Höper¹³, Dàohóng Jiāng⁷⁶, Sandra Junglen⁷⁷, Boris Klempa⁷⁸, Jonas Klingström⁷⁹, Hideki Kondō⁸⁰, Eugene V Koonin⁸¹, Mart Krupovic⁸², Kenji Kubota⁸³, Gael Kurath⁸⁴, Denis Kutnjak⁸, Lies Laenen⁸⁵, Amy J Lambert⁸⁶, Benhur Lee⁸⁷, Chengyu Li⁴, Jiànróng Lǐ⁸⁸, Jun-Min Li⁸⁹, Igor S Lukashevich⁹⁰, Piet Maes⁹¹, Marco Marklewitz⁹², Sergio H Marshall⁹³, Shin-Yi L Marzano⁹⁴, John W McCauley⁹⁵, Nataša Mehle^{8

96}, Ali Mirazimi⁹⁷, Toshiyuki Morikawa⁹⁸, Elke Mühlberger⁷⁴, Thomas Müller⁵⁷, Rayapati Naidu⁹⁹, Tomohide Natsuaki¹⁰⁰, Beatriz Navarro⁴³, José A Navarro¹⁰¹, Yutaro Neriya¹⁰², Sergey V Netesov, Vittorio M Nicoloso⁴³, Gabriele Neumann¹⁰³, Tiina Nokireki⁵⁸, Norbert Nowotny^{104

105}, Márcio R T Nunes¹⁰⁶, Francisco M Ochoa-Corona¹⁰⁷, Gustavo Palacios⁸⁷, Vicente Pallás¹⁰⁸, Anna Papa¹⁰⁹, Sofia Paraskevopoulou¹¹⁰, Colin R Parrish¹¹¹, Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa¹¹², Anja Pecman⁸, Daniel R Pérez¹¹³, Florian Pfaff¹³, Richard K Plemper¹¹⁴, Thomas S Postler¹¹⁵, Sheli R Radoshitzky¹¹⁶, Pedro L Ramos-González¹¹⁷, Maja Ravnikar⁸, Renato O Resende¹¹⁸, Gábor Reuter¹¹⁹, Carina A Reyes¹²⁰, Mark Paul Selda Rivarez^{121

122}, Víctor Romanowski¹²⁰, Dennis Rubbenstroth¹³, Luisa Rubino⁴³, Jonathan A Runstadler¹²³, Ana Ruiz-Padilla⁶, Sead Sabanadzovic¹²⁴, Maria S Salvato¹²⁵, Takahide Sasaya¹²⁶, Connie S Schmaljohn¹, Heike Schmidt-Posthaus¹²⁷, Martin Schwemmle¹²⁸, Gabrijel Seljak⁸, Torsten Seuberlich¹²⁹, Mang Shi¹³⁰, Yoshifumi Shimomoto¹³¹, Peter Simmonds¹³², Manuela Sironi¹³³, Donald B Smith¹³², Sophie Smither¹³⁴, Jin-Won Song¹³⁵, Kirsten M Spann¹³⁶, Jessica R Spengler¹⁵, Mark D Stenglein¹³⁷, Ayato Takada¹³⁸, Chika Takemura¹³⁹, Niina Tammiranta⁵⁸, Robert B Tesh²⁵, Natalie J Thornburg¹⁴⁰, Nicole D Tischler¹⁴¹, Yasuhiro Tomitaka¹⁴², Keizō Tomonaga¹⁴³, Noël Tordo¹⁴⁴, Massimo Turina¹⁴⁵, Ioannis E Tzanetakis¹⁴⁶, Anna Maria Vaira¹⁴⁵, Bernadette van den Hoogen¹⁴⁷, Bert Vanmechelen¹⁴⁸, Nikos Vasilakis²⁵, Martin Verbeek¹⁴⁹, Susanne von Bargen¹⁵⁰, Ana Vučurović⁸, Jiro Wada¹, Victoria Wahl¹⁵¹, Peter J Walker¹⁵², Fei Wang¹⁵³, Anna E Whitfield¹⁵⁴, John V Williams¹⁵⁵, Yuri I Wolf⁸¹, Hironobu Yanagisawa¹⁵⁶, Caixia Yang⁴, Gongyin Ye¹⁵⁷, Mei Chun Yu⁴, F Murilo Zerbini¹⁵⁸, Song Zhang²⁸, Arnfinn Lodden Økland¹⁵⁹, Holly R Hughes⁸⁶

Affiliations

¹ Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA.
² U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Pierce, FL, USA.
³ D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of N.F. Gamaleya National Center on Epidemiology and Microbiology of Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
⁴ Liaoning Key Laboratory of Urban Integrated Pest Management and Ecological Security, College of Life Science and Engineering, Shenyang University, Dadong, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
⁵ Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
⁶ Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
⁷ Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain.
⁸ Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
⁹ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
¹¹ Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany.
¹² Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Starkville, MS, USA.
¹³ Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
¹⁴ UFyMA, INTA-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina.
¹⁵ Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
¹⁶ Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
¹⁷ Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
¹⁸ Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Geelong, VIC, Australia.
¹⁹ University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
²⁰ Center for Infection and Immunity and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
²¹ Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
²² Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France.
²³ RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
²⁴ Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
²⁵ The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
²⁶ Division of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service and Division of Virology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
²⁷ Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
²⁸ National Citrus Engineering and Technology Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, PR China.
²⁹ Respiratory Virus and Influenza Unit, National Microbiology Center, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
³⁰ Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
³¹ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
³² Unite des Virus Emergents (Aix-Marseille Univ, Universita di Corsica, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IRBA), Marseille, France.
³³ University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
³⁴ Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium.
³⁵ CIDEFI, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
³⁶ Department of Immunology and Microbiology IMM-6, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
³⁷ Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
³⁸ Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands.
³⁹ Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (IPAVE-CIAP-INTA), Córdoba, Argentina.
⁴⁰ Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola, Córdoba, Argentina.
⁴¹ Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
⁴² U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA.
⁴³ Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy.
⁴⁴ Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.
⁴⁵ CIHEAM, Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
⁴⁶ Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
⁴⁷ School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
⁴⁸ Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Germany.
⁴⁹ School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
⁵⁰ Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU), Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, USA.
⁵¹ One Health Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, USA.
⁵² Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution-National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington, DC, USA.
⁵³ China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, PR China.
⁵⁴ Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey, UK.
⁵⁵ World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
⁵⁶ Embrapa Cassava and Fruits, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil.
⁵⁷ Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
⁵⁸ Laboratory and Research Division, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland.
⁵⁹ Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany.
⁶⁰ Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, CONICET UNLP, La Plata, Argentina.
⁶¹ Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
⁶² Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
⁶³ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biomedical Graduate Research Organization, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
⁶⁴ Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia.
⁶⁵ Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bond Life Sciences Center, Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
⁶⁶ Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
⁶⁷ Department of Virology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arboviruses and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
⁶⁸ Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, U.S. National Arboretum, Washington, DC, USA.
⁶⁹ Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA.
⁷⁰ Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Medicum, Helsinki, Finland.
⁷¹ Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
⁷² Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan.
⁷³ International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan.
⁷⁴ Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
⁷⁵ School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
⁷⁶ State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China.
⁷⁷ Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
⁷⁸ Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
⁷⁹ Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
⁸⁰ Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan.
⁸¹ Computational Biology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
⁸² Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Archaeal Virology Unit, Paris, France.
⁸³ Institute for Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
⁸⁴ Western Fisheries Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁸⁵ Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁸⁶ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
⁸⁷ Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
⁸⁸ Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
⁸⁹ State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China.
⁹⁰ Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, and the Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
⁹¹ Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Unit, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁹² FIND, Geneva, Switzerland.
⁹³ Instituto de Biología-Laboratorio de Genética Molecular-Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Campus Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile.
⁹⁴ Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Toledo, OH, USA.
⁹⁵ Worldwide Influenza Centre, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
⁹⁶ School for Viticulture and Enology, University of Nova Gorica, Vipava, Slovenia.
⁹⁷ Folkhalsomyndigheten, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁹⁸ Japan Plant Protection Association, Tokyo, Japan.
⁹⁹ Department of Plant Pathology, Irrigated Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, USA.
¹⁰⁰ Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan.
¹⁰¹ Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain.
¹⁰² School of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan.
¹⁰³ Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA.
¹⁰⁴ Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
¹⁰⁵ College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Health, Dubai, UAE.
¹⁰⁶ Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará State, Belem, Pará, Brazil.
¹⁰⁷ Institute for Biosecurity and Microbial Forensics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA.
¹⁰⁸ Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
¹⁰⁹ National Reference Centre for Arboviruses and Haemorrhagic Fever Viruses, Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
¹¹⁰ Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
¹¹¹ College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
¹¹² Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
¹¹³ Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
¹¹⁴ Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA.
¹¹⁵ Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Jersey City, NJ, USA.
¹¹⁶ Division of Antivirals, Office of Infectious Diseases, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
¹¹⁷ Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹¹⁸ Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
¹¹⁹ Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
¹²⁰ Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET-UNLP, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹²¹ Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
¹²² College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries, Caraga State University, Butuan City, Philippines.
¹²³ Department of Infectious Disease & Global Health, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA.
¹²⁴ Department of Agricultural Science and Plant Protection, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA.
¹²⁵ Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
¹²⁶ Strategic Planning Headquarters, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan.
¹²⁷ Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
¹²⁸ Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
¹²⁹ University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
¹³⁰ Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China.
¹³¹ Kochi Agricultural Research Center, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan.
¹³² Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
¹³³ School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
¹³⁴ CBR Division, Dstl Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK.
¹³⁵ Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
¹³⁶ School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
¹³⁷ Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
¹³⁸ Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
¹³⁹ Kochi Agricultural Research Center, Nankoku, Japan.
¹⁴⁰ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
¹⁴¹ Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida and Escuela de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile.
¹⁴² Institute for Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan.
¹⁴³ Institute for Life and Medical Sciences (LiMe), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
¹⁴⁴ Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Conakry, Guinea.
¹⁴⁵ Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Torino, Italy.
¹⁴⁶ Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
¹⁴⁷ Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
¹⁴⁸ VirusBank Platform, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
¹⁴⁹ Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.
¹⁵⁰ Division Phytomedicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
¹⁵¹ National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA.
¹⁵² School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.
¹⁵³ Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
¹⁵⁴ Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
¹⁵⁵ School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
¹⁵⁶ Yokohama Plant Protection Station, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
¹⁵⁷ Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.
¹⁵⁸ Department de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
¹⁵⁹ Pharmaq Analytiq, Bergen, Norway.

PMID: 40512168
PMCID: PMC12282299
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.002077

Annual (2024) taxonomic update of RNA-directed RNA polymerase-encoding negative-sense RNA viruses (realm Riboviria: kingdom Orthornavirae: phylum Negarnaviricota)

Jens H Kuhn et al. J Gen Virol. 2025 Jun.

. 2025 Jun;106(6):002077.

doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.002077.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA.
² U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Pierce, FL, USA.
³ D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of N.F. Gamaleya National Center on Epidemiology and Microbiology of Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
⁴ Liaoning Key Laboratory of Urban Integrated Pest Management and Ecological Security, College of Life Science and Engineering, Shenyang University, Dadong, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
⁵ Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
⁶ Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
⁷ Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain.
⁸ Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
⁹ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
¹¹ Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany.
¹² Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Starkville, MS, USA.
¹³ Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
¹⁴ UFyMA, INTA-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina.
¹⁵ Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
¹⁶ Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
¹⁷ Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
¹⁸ Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Geelong, VIC, Australia.
¹⁹ University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
²⁰ Center for Infection and Immunity and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
²¹ Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
²² Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France.
²³ RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
²⁴ Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
²⁵ The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
²⁶ Division of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service and Division of Virology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
²⁷ Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
²⁸ National Citrus Engineering and Technology Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, PR China.
²⁹ Respiratory Virus and Influenza Unit, National Microbiology Center, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
³⁰ Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
³¹ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
³² Unite des Virus Emergents (Aix-Marseille Univ, Universita di Corsica, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IRBA), Marseille, France.
³³ University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
³⁴ Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium.
³⁵ CIDEFI, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
³⁶ Department of Immunology and Microbiology IMM-6, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
³⁷ Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
³⁸ Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands.
³⁹ Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (IPAVE-CIAP-INTA), Córdoba, Argentina.
⁴⁰ Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola, Córdoba, Argentina.
⁴¹ Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
⁴² U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA.
⁴³ Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy.
⁴⁴ Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.
⁴⁵ CIHEAM, Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
⁴⁶ Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
⁴⁷ School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
⁴⁸ Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Germany.
⁴⁹ School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
⁵⁰ Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU), Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, USA.
⁵¹ One Health Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, USA.
⁵² Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution-National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington, DC, USA.
⁵³ China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, PR China.
⁵⁴ Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey, UK.
⁵⁵ World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
⁵⁶ Embrapa Cassava and Fruits, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil.
⁵⁷ Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
⁵⁸ Laboratory and Research Division, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland.
⁵⁹ Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany.
⁶⁰ Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, CONICET UNLP, La Plata, Argentina.
⁶¹ Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
⁶² Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
⁶³ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biomedical Graduate Research Organization, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
⁶⁴ Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia.
⁶⁵ Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bond Life Sciences Center, Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
⁶⁶ Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
⁶⁷ Department of Virology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arboviruses and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
⁶⁸ Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, U.S. National Arboretum, Washington, DC, USA.
⁶⁹ Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA.
⁷⁰ Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Medicum, Helsinki, Finland.
⁷¹ Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
⁷² Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan.
⁷³ International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan.
⁷⁴ Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
⁷⁵ School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
⁷⁶ State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China.
⁷⁷ Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
⁷⁸ Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
⁷⁹ Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
⁸⁰ Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan.
⁸¹ Computational Biology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
⁸² Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Archaeal Virology Unit, Paris, France.
⁸³ Institute for Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
⁸⁴ Western Fisheries Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁸⁵ Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁸⁶ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
⁸⁷ Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
⁸⁸ Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
⁸⁹ State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China.
⁹⁰ Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, and the Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
⁹¹ Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Unit, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁹² FIND, Geneva, Switzerland.
⁹³ Instituto de Biología-Laboratorio de Genética Molecular-Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Campus Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile.
⁹⁴ Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Toledo, OH, USA.
⁹⁵ Worldwide Influenza Centre, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
⁹⁶ School for Viticulture and Enology, University of Nova Gorica, Vipava, Slovenia.
⁹⁷ Folkhalsomyndigheten, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁹⁸ Japan Plant Protection Association, Tokyo, Japan.
⁹⁹ Department of Plant Pathology, Irrigated Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, USA.
¹⁰⁰ Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan.
¹⁰¹ Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain.
¹⁰² School of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan.
¹⁰³ Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA.
¹⁰⁴ Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
¹⁰⁵ College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Health, Dubai, UAE.
¹⁰⁶ Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará State, Belem, Pará, Brazil.
¹⁰⁷ Institute for Biosecurity and Microbial Forensics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA.
¹⁰⁸ Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
¹⁰⁹ National Reference Centre for Arboviruses and Haemorrhagic Fever Viruses, Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
¹¹⁰ Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
¹¹¹ College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
¹¹² Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
¹¹³ Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
¹¹⁴ Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA.
¹¹⁵ Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Jersey City, NJ, USA.
¹¹⁶ Division of Antivirals, Office of Infectious Diseases, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
¹¹⁷ Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹¹⁸ Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
¹¹⁹ Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
¹²⁰ Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET-UNLP, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹²¹ Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
¹²² College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries, Caraga State University, Butuan City, Philippines.
¹²³ Department of Infectious Disease & Global Health, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA.
¹²⁴ Department of Agricultural Science and Plant Protection, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA.
¹²⁵ Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
¹²⁶ Strategic Planning Headquarters, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan.
¹²⁷ Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
¹²⁸ Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
¹²⁹ University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
¹³⁰ Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China.
¹³¹ Kochi Agricultural Research Center, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan.
¹³² Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
¹³³ School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
¹³⁴ CBR Division, Dstl Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK.
¹³⁵ Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
¹³⁶ School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
¹³⁷ Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
¹³⁸ Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
¹³⁹ Kochi Agricultural Research Center, Nankoku, Japan.
¹⁴⁰ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
¹⁴¹ Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida and Escuela de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile.
¹⁴² Institute for Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan.
¹⁴³ Institute for Life and Medical Sciences (LiMe), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
¹⁴⁴ Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Conakry, Guinea.
¹⁴⁵ Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Torino, Italy.
¹⁴⁶ Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
¹⁴⁷ Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
¹⁴⁸ VirusBank Platform, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
¹⁴⁹ Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.
¹⁵⁰ Division Phytomedicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
¹⁵¹ National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA.
¹⁵² School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.
¹⁵³ Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
¹⁵⁴ Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
¹⁵⁵ School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
¹⁵⁶ Yokohama Plant Protection Station, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
¹⁵⁷ Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.
¹⁵⁸ Department de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
¹⁵⁹ Pharmaq Analytiq, Bergen, Norway.

PMID: 40512168
PMCID: PMC12282299
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.002077

Abstract

In April 2024, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was expanded by 1 new order, 1 new family, 6 new subfamilies, 34 new genera and 270 new species. One class, two orders and six species were renamed. Seven families and 12 genera were moved; ten species were renamed and moved; and nine species were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as currently accepted by the ICTV, providing an essential annual update on the classification of members of this phylum that deepen understandings of their evolution, and supports critical public health measures for virus identification and tracking.

Keywords: Aliusviridae; Arenaviridae; Articulavirales; Artoviridae; Aspiviridae; Bornaviridae; Bunyavirales; Bunyaviricetes; Crepuscuviridae; Discoviridae; Elliovirales; Filoviridae; Fimoviridae; Goujianvirales; Hantaviridae; Hareavirales; International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV); Jingchuvirales; Konkoviridae; Lispiviridae; Mononegavirales; Muvirales; Mymonaviridae; Myriaviridae; Naedrevirales; Nairoviridae; Natareviridae; Negarnaviricota; Nyamiviridae; Orthomyxoviridae; Orthornavirae; Paramyxoviridae; Peribunyaviridae; Phasmaviridae; Phenuiviridae; Pneumoviridae; Rhabdoviridae; Riboviria; Sunviridae; Tenuivirus; Tosoviridae; Tospoviridae; Tulasviridae; articulaviral; bunyaviral; bunyavirus; jingchuviral; megaclassification; megataxonomy; mononegaviral; muviral; naedreviral; negarnaviricot; virus classification; virus nomenclature; virus taxonomy.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

References

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Annual (2024) taxonomic update of RNA-directed RNA polymerase-encoding negative-sense RNA viruses (realm Riboviria: kingdom Orthornavirae: phylum Negarnaviricota)

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Annual (2024) taxonomic update of RNA-directed RNA polymerase-encoding negative-sense RNA viruses (realm Riboviria: kingdom Orthornavirae: phylum Negarnaviricota)

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