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Review
. 2025 Jul;44(3):571-586.
doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2024.12.003. Epub 2025 Jan 15.

Matrices Used for Cartilage Regeneration

Alberto Bulgarelli  1 , Luca Ruosi  2 , Pietro Conte  1 , Giuseppe Anzillotti  1 , Berardo Di Matteo  3 , Elizaveta Kon  1
Affiliations
Review

Matrices Used for Cartilage Regeneration

Alberto Bulgarelli et al. Clin Sports Med. 2025 Jul.

Abstract

Knee articular cartilage defects present significant challenges in orthopedic practice, impacting patient's quality-of-life akin to severe osteoarthritis. This review explores current surgical strategies, focusing on the efficacy and outcomes of 3 prominent matrices in the form of osteochondral scaffolds: Autologous Matrix-Induced Chondrogenesis or AMIC with Chondro-Gide (Geistlich), MaioRegen (Finceramica), and Agili-C (Smith&Nephew, CartiHeal). AMIC technique combines microfracture with a porcine-derived collagen scaffold, showing sustained long-term clinical improvements and outperforming microfracture alone. Nonetheless, lesion characteristics and patient demographics are the keys for optimal knee cartilage repair outcomes.

Keywords: AMIC; Acellular scaffold; Agili-C; MaioRegen; Osteochondral lesions.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosure A. Bulgarelli, L. Ruosi, P. Conte, and G. Anzillotti declare no conflict-of-interest relevant to this article. B. Di Matteo and E. Kon are consultants for Smith and Nephews. Elizaveta Kon is also a consultant for Geistlich and declares she has received consulting fees from and holds stock options in Cartiheal Ltd.