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Review
. 2025 Jun 12:09727531251340154.
doi: 10.1177/09727531251340154. Online ahead of print.

Yogic Bellows, Neural Sparks: Unravelling the Neurophysiological Mechanisms of Kapalbhati-A Systematic Review

Arjun Ram Roj  1 , Harish Sharma  1 , Megha Pundir  1 , Ragini Rai  1 , Sanjib Patra  1
Affiliations
Review

Yogic Bellows, Neural Sparks: Unravelling the Neurophysiological Mechanisms of Kapalbhati-A Systematic Review

Arjun Ram Roj et al. Ann Neurosci. .

Abstract

Background: Kapalbhati is a dynamic yogic breathing technique characterised by rapid, forceful exhalations followed by passive inhalations. Traditionally celebrated for detoxification, enhanced pulmonary function and improved mental clarity, its underlying neurophysiological mechanisms remain largely speculative.

Summary: This systematic review synthesises evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on Kapalbhati's effects on respiratory and cognitive outcomes, and proposes a hypothetical integrative model to advance our understanding of this ancient practice. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect and the Cochrane Library using keywords such as "Kapalbhati," "skull shining breath" and related synonyms. Only English-language RCTs published between 2014 and 2024 were included. Four RCTs meeting these criteria were critically appraised and their findings synthesised. The reviewed studies consistently indicate that Kapalbhati improves pulmonary function, possibly by mechanically stimulating pulmonary stretch receptors, and enhances cognitive performance by reducing anxiety and boosting attention. These outcomes suggest that the rapid breathing of Kapalbhati may modulate neural circuits in the nucleus tractus solitarius, thereby triggering the release of neuropeptides like oxytocin and norepinephrine, which are essential for emotional regulation and cognitive enhancement.

Key message: Integrating traditional yogic insights with contemporary neurophysiological theories, our proposed model offers a fresh perspective on Kapalbhati's multifaceted benefits. This review not only highlights promising empirical findings but also lays the groundwork for future research aimed at validating these mechanisms and potentially transforming Kapalbhati into an evidence-based therapeutic strategy.

Keywords: Pranayama; Yogic breathing; cognition; emotional regulation; respiratory function.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.. PRISMA Flowchart.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.. Network-style Flowchart Illustrating the Hypothetical Mechanisms of Kapalbhati in Enhancing Respiratory Function.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.. Neurophysiological Pathways of Kapalbhati in Autonomic and Emotional Regulation
Figure 4.
Figure 4.. Hypothetical Network of Kapalbhati’s Influence on Attention and Cognitive Function.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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