Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Jun 11:12:1167-1175.
doi: 10.2147/JHC.S524683. eCollection 2025.

Early Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients without Microscopic Vascular Invasion: Clinicopathological Characteristics and Risk Factors

Hanh Thi Tuyet Ngo  1 , Duy Duc Nguyen  2 , Minh-Xuan Dang  2 , Thao Thi Phuong Doan  2 , Truc Thanh Thai  3
Affiliations

Early Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients without Microscopic Vascular Invasion: Clinicopathological Characteristics and Risk Factors

Hanh Thi Tuyet Ngo et al. J Hepatocell Carcinoma. .

Abstract

Purpose: Early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not uniformly associated with microscopic vascular invasion (MVI). This study aims to identify the clinical and pathological factors associated with early recurrence in HCC patients without MVI.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 69 patients who underwent hepatectomy for HCC at the University Medical Center Ho Chi Minh city. All patients were microscopically confirmed as MVI-negative. Clinical and subclinical data, along with tumor recurrence within 24 months post-surgery were collected. Microscopic features of both tumor and non-tumor liver tissue were assessed using Hematoxylin-Eosin-stained slides.

Results: The majority of patients were male (78.3%) and had cirrhosis (72.5%). The early recurrence rate was 31.9%, with most recurrences occurring between 6- and 18-month post-surgery. Independent factors for early tumor recurrence included preoperative treatment with Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE) or Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) (HR = 8.63, 95% CI = 1.45-51.38), tumor size > 5 cm (HR = 3.82, 95% CI = 1.17-12.42), and HCV infection (HR = 4.61, 95% CI = 1.41-15.1).

Conclusion: The pathogenesis and pattern of early tumor recurrence in MVI-negative HCC differ from that in MVI-positive cases. Identifying risk factors, such as HCV infection, tumor size, and preoperative locoregional therapy, may aid in optimizing treatment strategies and postoperative surveillance.

Keywords: clinical characteristics; early recurrence; hepatocellular carcinoma; microvascular invasion; pathological characteristics; risk factor.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flowchart of patient selection.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Probability of tumor recurrence in patients after HCC surgery.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Multivariable Cox regression of factors independently associated with tumor recurrence.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

    1. Rumgay H, Ferlay J, de Martel C, et al. Global, regional and national burden of primary liver cancer by subtype. Eur J Cancer. 2022;161:108–118. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.11.023 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA. 2018;68(6):394–424. doi: 10.3322/caac.21492 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Suraweera D, Konyn P, Vu T, Saab S. Clinical epidemiology of chronic liver disease: hepatocellular carcinoma. In: Wong RJ, Gish RG, editors. Clinical Epidemiology of Chronic Liver Diseases. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019:229–249.
    1. Raja A, Haq F. Molecular classification of hepatocellular carcinoma: prognostic importance and clinical applications. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2022;148(1):15–29. doi: 10.1007/s00432-021-03826-w - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Abdelhamed W, El-Kassas M. Hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence: predictors and management. Liver Res. 2023;7(4):321–332. doi: 10.1016/j.livres.2023.11.004 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources