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. 2025 Jun 1;14(3):358-359.
doi: 10.21037/hbsn-2025-266. Epub 2025 May 26.

The wax liver model at Josephinum

Thomas M van Gulik  1
Affiliations

The wax liver model at Josephinum

Thomas M van Gulik. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr. .
No abstract available

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest: The author has completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://hbsn.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/hbsn-2025-266/coif). T.M.v.G. serves as an unpaid Deputy Editor-in-Chief of HepatoBiliary Surgery and Nutrition. The author has no other conflicts of interest to declare.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Anatomical wax model of the liver on display at the Josephinum Medical History Museum in Vienna (1). Created in 1784 for educational purposes at the Military Surgical Academy in Vienna, the model features detailed representations of the extrahepatic bile ducts (brown), hepatic arteries (red), and the portal and hepatic venous systems (black). The round ligament and Arantius’ ligament are depicted in yellow.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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References

    1. Wax anatomical models' collection in the Josephinum. Available online: https://medicine.museum/collection/31-Wax-anatomical-models-collection-J...
    1. Riva A, Conti G, Solinas P, et al. The evolution of anatomical illustration and wax modelling in Italy from the 16th to early 19th centuries. J Anat 2010;216:209-22. 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01157.x - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Maraldi NM, Mazzotti G, Cocco L, et al. Anatomical waxwork modeling: the history of the Bologna anatomy museum. Anat Rec 2000;261:5-10. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(20000215)261:1<5::AID-AR3>3.0.CO;2-U - DOI - PubMed

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