Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Jun 18.
doi: 10.1007/s40615-025-02515-5. Online ahead of print.

Health Status And Delays In Referral-To-Treatment Waiting Times for Elective Admissions of Adults From Deprived Areas And Ethnic Minority Backgrounds: A Study of Healthcare Inequalities

David Fluck  1 , Emma Jackson  2 , Ana Llamas-Montoya  3 , Amandeep S Chana  4 , Kevin Kelly  5 , Gareth I Jones  6 , Jacqui N Rees  7 , Julia Tudose  7 , Yvonne Jones  7 , Jo S Finch  7 , Jennifer Davison  7 , Julian Ruse  8 , Chris Jones  9 , Jonathan Robin  9 , Christopher H Fry  10 , Thang S Han  11   12
Affiliations

Health Status And Delays In Referral-To-Treatment Waiting Times for Elective Admissions of Adults From Deprived Areas And Ethnic Minority Backgrounds: A Study of Healthcare Inequalities

David Fluck et al. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. .

Abstract

We studied all patients (total 53,611) whose referral-to-treatment (RTT) ended in hospital admission ("admitted pathways") between 01/2019 and 12/2023. Their health status and RTT waiting times were related to indices of deprivation (IMD: combined data from income, employment, education, health, crime, barriers to housing and services, and living environment) and to ethnicities (87% Caucasians; 6% South Asians; 5.1% Other Ethnicities; 0.9% Blacks; 0.7% Mixed Race; 0.3% Chinese). The risk of RTT waiting times > 18 weeks was assessed by logistic regression, adjusted for confounding factors (age, sex and number of comorbidities) and presented as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals: least-deprived areas (IMD decile = 10) and Caucasians were reference levels. Patients' median age (66 years, interquartile range = 51-77) was representative of "admitted pathways" UK patients. Major chronic diseases were more common amongst patients from ethnic minority and deprived backgrounds. Risks of RTT waiting times > 18 weeks for elective admissions rose progressively with increasing deprivation: OR = 1.20 (1.05-1.36), compared to the least deprived areas; and mixed race: OR = 1.39 (1.10-1.76), other ethnicities: OR = 1.15 (1.05-1.26), and all ethnic minorities: OR = 1.11 (1.05-1.18), compared to Caucasians. Our findings provide evidence for health and healthcare inequalities associated with individuals from deprived areas and ethnic minority backgrounds, particularly those of mixed race. More research and resources are needed to address these inequalities that include policy interventions to reduce barriers that hinder access to healthcare and advocating for policies that address underlying social determinants of health that reduce inequalities in education, employment and housing.

Keywords: Healthcare services; Poverty; Public health.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics Approval: This study does not require NHS Research Ethics Committee approval since it involves secondary analysis of anonymised data. This study was conducted in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

References

    1. World Health Organization. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43943/1/9789241563703_eng.pdf (Accessed 01 September 2024)
    1. National Institute for Health and Care Research, 2021. Multiple long-term conditions (multimorbidity): making sense of the evidence. https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/making-sense-of-the-evidence-mult... (Accessed 01 September 2024)
    1. Marmot M, Allen J, Boyce T, Goldblatt P, Morrison J. Health equity in England: the Marmot review 10 years on. institute of health equity; 2020. https://www.instituteofhealthequity.org/resources-reports/marmot-review-... (Accessed 01 September 2024)
    1. Public Health England: Protecting and improving nation’s health. Public health outcomes framework: health equity report. Focus on ethnicity. Published 13 July 2017. Report. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5b6c4f54e5274a29643d0f6e/... (Accessed 27 July 2024)
    1. Public Health England. Research and analysis Chapter 5: inequality in health. Published 13 July 2017b. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/health-profile-for-england/ch... (Accessed 27 July 2024)