An In-depth overview of artificial intelligence (AI) tool utilization across diverse phases of organ transplantation

Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers a revolutionary approach to improve decision-making in medicine through the use of advanced computational tools. Its ability to analyze large and complex datasets enables a thorough evaluation of multiple factors, leading to a deeper understanding of medical procedures. Numerous studies have demonstrated that AI has made significant advancements in areas such as organ allocation, donor-recipient matching, and immunosuppression protocols in organ transplantation. The transplantation process consists of three key stages: pre-transplant evaluation, the surgical procedure, and post-transplant management. AI can enhance all three stages by analyzing and integrating data from histopathological reports, lab results, radiological features, and patient demographics to aid in matching donors and recipients. Additionally, AI supports robotic-assisted surgery and optimizes post-transplant regimens while evaluating complications. Various researches have utilized machine learning (ML) to predict medication bioavailability immediately after transplantation and assess the risk of post-transplant complications based on factors like genetic phenotypes, age, gender, and body mass index. This review aims to gather information on AI applications across various stages of organ transplantation and elaborate the strategies and tools relevant to these processes.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Deep learning; Ensemble methods; Machine learning; Neural networks; Organ transplantation.

Fig. 1

Applications of AI in the realm of solid organ transplant

Fig. 2

Using artificial intelligence in the area of donor recipient matching considerations and decision making

Fig. 3

Using machine learning models for interpreting the date from Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) slides, both pre and post-transplant, for establishing cardiac allograft rejection