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. 2025 Jun 4:13:1512392.
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1512392. eCollection 2025.

The effect of maternal high-risk fertility behavior on child nutritional status in Sub-Saharan Africa: a propensity score-matched analysis

Beminate Lemma Seifu  1 , Hiwot Atlaye Asebe  1 , Bezawit Melak Fente  2 , Mamaru Melkam  3 , Zufan Alamrie Asmare  4 , Angwach Abrham Asnake  5 , Meklit Melaku Bezie  6 , Yohannes Mekuria Negussie  7
Affiliations

The effect of maternal high-risk fertility behavior on child nutritional status in Sub-Saharan Africa: a propensity score-matched analysis

Beminate Lemma Seifu et al. Front Public Health. .

Abstract

Introduction: Maternal high-risk fertility behaviors (HRFBs) represent a multifaceted bio-demographic factor with profound implications for child health. Maternal HRFBs raise the risk of undernutrition in children under the age of five, rendering them more susceptible to stunting and wasting. When estimating the impact of HRFBs on child malnutrition using an observational study such as the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), it's important to consider the potential for selection bias and the effect of confounding variables. To address this, we employed propensity score-matched (PSM) analysis to more accurately estimate the true impact of maternal HRFBs on children's nutritional status.

Methods: Secondary data analysis of 161,179 children under the age of five was conducted based on the 26 Sub-Saharan Africa DHS data (2015-2023). To estimate the maternal HRFBs on children's nutritional status, We employed propensity score matching (PSM) with a logistic model using the 'psmatch2 ate' STATA command to estimate the Average Treatment Effect (ATE) for the population, the treated group (ATT), and the untreated group (ATU). We assessed the quality of matching both statistically and graphically. Additionally, we conducted a sensitivity analysis to test the robustness of the PSM estimates, using the Mantel-Haenszel (MH) test statistic.

Results: More than two-thirds of (57.14, 95%CI: 56.90, 57.39) mothers had a high-risk fertility behavior. In SSA the prevalence of stunting, wasting, and being underweight among under-five children was 30.58% (95%CI: 76.30, 76.72), 6.74% (95%CI: 6.62, 6.86) and 16.70% (95%CI: 16.52, 16.88), respectively. The difference in the Average Treatment Effect (ATE) of maternal HRFBs on stunting, wasting, and underweight was 2.00, 0.30, and 2.19%, respectively. The Average Treatment Effect on the Treated group (ATT) showed a 2.12% increased risk of stunting, a 0.24% decreased risk of wasting, and a 2.68% increased risk of underweight. These estimates remained robust to hidden bias and demonstrated good matching quality.

Conclusion: These results indicate the necessity of public health interventions aimed at enhancing maternal and child health by promoting family planning services, educating young mothers, and providing support to women with high parity.

Keywords: Sub-Saharan Africa; high-risk fertility behavior; propensity score-matched; stunting; underweight; wasting.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Percentage of births in high-risk fertility behavior categories in SSA.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Histogram to show common support.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Histogram to show common support.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Histogram to show common support.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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