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Review
. 2025 Jun;5(2):162-177.
doi: 10.1097/CD9.0000000000000156. Epub 2025 Apr 17.

The Heart-Brain Axis: Key Concepts in Neurocardiology

Fang Qin Goh  1 , Benjamin Y Q Tan  2 , Leonard L L Yeo  2 , Ching-Hui Sia  3
Affiliations
Review

The Heart-Brain Axis: Key Concepts in Neurocardiology

Fang Qin Goh et al. Cardiol Discov. 2025 Jun.

Abstract

The heart-brain axis involves complex interactions between the cardiovascular and nervous systems via a network of cortical and subcortical structures working with the autonomic nervous system and intracardiac nervous system. Heart-brain interactions may be divided into 2 broad categories: cardiac effects of neurological disease and neurological effects of cardiac disease. The pathogenesis of neurogenic cardiac effects is thought to involve a neurogenic cascade where sudden shifts in autonomic balance lead to an exaggerated catecholamine release. This can occur in acute neurological conditions such as ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, and epilepsy. Cardiovascular complications include the stroke-heart syndrome, neurogenic pulmonary edema and cardiomyopathy, Takotsubo syndrome, arrhythmias, and even sudden cardiac death. Certain areas of the brain, such as the insular cortex, play key roles in cardiac autonomic regulation, and disorders affecting these areas have greater effects on the heart. On the other hand, cardiac conditions can also adversely impact the neurological system. Atrial fibrillation and left ventricular thrombus can cause cardioembolic strokes, whereas heart failure and severe aortic stenosis have been linked to the development of cognitive impairment. This review aims to provide a broad overview of key topics in neurocardiology as well as delve into the evidence and pathophysiology behind these conditions.

Keywords: Atrial fibrillation; Autonomic nervous system; Cardiovascular system; Cognitive dysfunction; Heart-brain axis; Neurocardiology; Stroke-heart syndrome.

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Conflict of interest statement

None.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Heart-brain interactions. Images created with BioRender.com. AF: Atrial fibrillation; ECG: Electrocardiographic; ICH: Intracranial hemorrhage; LV: Left ventricular.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Overview of structures involved in the neural regulation of cardiovascular function. Images created with BioRender.com.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Pathophysiology and classification of the stroke-heart syndrome. Images created with BioRender.com. ECG: Electrocardiographic; LV: Left ventricular.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Potential pathological mechanisms linking cardiac disease and cognitive impairment.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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