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. 2025 Jul-Aug;15(4):809-815.
doi: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2025.05.009. Epub 2025 Jun 7.

Zebrafish caudal fin model to investigate the role of Cissus quadrangularis, bioceramics, and tendon extracellular matrix scaffolds in bone regeneration

S Balaji Ganesh  1 , Fharreeha Fathima Anees  1 , Gurumoorthy Kaarthikeyan  1 , Taniya Mary Martin  2 , Meenakshi Sundaram Kishore Kumar  2 , M I Sheefaa  1
Affiliations

Zebrafish caudal fin model to investigate the role of Cissus quadrangularis, bioceramics, and tendon extracellular matrix scaffolds in bone regeneration

S Balaji Ganesh et al. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2025 Jul-Aug.

Abstract

Introduction: Periodontal bone regeneration faces several challenges such as incomplete bone-ligament-cementum restoration, unpredictable clinical outcomes and membrane exposure risks. The zebra fish caudal fin model of regeneration could be an excellent model system for mimicking the periodontal regenerative criteria and the present study aimed to explore the potential of innovative composite scaffolds characterized by C. quadrangularis, carrageenan, and tendon ECM with silver hydroxyapatite and silver tricalcium phosphate for periodontal bone regeneration by using the zebrafishes as model organisms.

Materials and methods: Zebrafish were subjected to caudal fin amputation, followed by the application of different scaffold groups. The fabricated scaffolds were then crosslinked using glutaraldehyde vapours and stored in a desiccator for future use. The scaffolds were classified into five groups: negative control, PERIO COL- GTR (G1), Cissus quadrangularis extract, carrageenan, tendon extracellular matrix (TEM) (Group 2), Group 3 (contained silver hydroxyapatite + Group 2 components), Group 4 (Silver tricalcium phosphate + Group 2 components). Scaffolds characterization was done using FTIR and UV-Vis Spectroscopy. Regeneration was evaluated using microscopically and histologically.

Results: The physical characterization showed the scaffold interaction by spectral differentiation between the groups. Among the groups, Test group 4 demonstrated superior regeneration with enhanced collagen deposition, reduced inflammatory response, and significantly higher growth compared to control.

Conclusion: These findings suggested that group 4 scaffold significantly accelerates zebrafish fin regeneration, making these scaffolds promising candidates for periodontal tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.

Keywords: Carrageenan; Cissus quadrangularis; Extracellular matrix; Silver hydroxyapatite; Silver tricalcium phosphate; Zebrafish fin regeneration.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Image 1
Graphical abstract
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
UV spectral analysis of the synthesized scaffold vs Control.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
FTIR spectral analysis of the synthesized scaffold vs Control.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Effect of synthesized and control scaffolds on Amputated Fin of the zebra fishes. The amputated zebrafish fins treated with, negative control, PERIO COL- GTR (G1), Cissus quadrangularis extract, carrageenan, tendon extracellular matrix (TEM) (Group 2), Group 3 (contained silver hydroxyapatite + Group 2 components), Group 4 (Silver tricalcium phosphate + Group 2 components).
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Fin Regeneration (%) of amputated zebrafish treated with synthesized and control scaffolds. negative control, PERIO COL- GTR (G1), Cissus quadrangularis extract, carrageenan, tendon extracellular matrix (TEM) (Group 2), Group 3 (contained silver hydroxyapatite + Group 2 components), Group 4 (Silver tricalcium phosphate + Group 2 components). The independent three experimental data were expressed as mean ± SD (n = 6/group, Two way ANOVA, p = 0.001 for all groups).
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Histological analysis of amputated fin of zebrafish tissue treated with synthesized and control scaffolds. Negative control, PERIO COL- GTR (G1), Cissus quadrangularis extract, carrageenan, tendon extracellular matrix (TEM) (Group 2), Group 3 (contained silver hydroxyapatite + Group 2 components), Group 4 (Silver tricalcium phosphate + Group 2 components).
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