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. 2025 Jun 19;115(1):2.
doi: 10.1007/s00128-025-04072-3.

Chronic and Intergenerational Toxicity of Chloramine-T in Moina macrocopa Following Prolonged Exposure

Xue Lei Hu  1 , Sui Jun Cai  1 , Ming Chen  1 , Le Yi Lin  1 , Jin Lan Peng  1 , Jin Ling Liu  1 , Yun Hui Li  1 , Lu Wang  2
Affiliations

Chronic and Intergenerational Toxicity of Chloramine-T in Moina macrocopa Following Prolonged Exposure

Xue Lei Hu et al. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. .

Abstract

The presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment has raised concerns due to their ecological effects. Chloramine-T, a common disinfectant, has not been well studied for its chronic toxicity in aquatic ecosystems. This study aimed to investigate the chronic toxicity and intergenerational effects of chloramine-T exposure on Moina macrocopa. The results showed that the 48-hour EC50 of chloramine-T was 4.58 mg/L, indicating toxicity. After 21 days of exposure, the parental generation (F0) exhibited significant impairments in survival, development, and reproduction. However, subsequent generations (F1 and F2) showed gradual recovery when removed from the chloramine-T environment. F1 offspring from higher concentrations still displayed reduced survival and reproduction, whereas F2 and lower-concentration groups recovered completely. This study provides important insights into the chronic and intergenerational toxicity of chloramine-T and its ecological impacts.

Keywords: Moina macrocopa; Chloramine-T; Disinfectant; Intergenerational toxicity.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing Interests: Authors state no conflict of interest.

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