A European survey on anaerobes from paediatric blood cultures: a comparative analysis with adults

doi:10.1007/s10096-025-05185-7

. 2025 Jun 19.

doi: 10.1007/s10096-025-05185-7. Online ahead of print.

A European survey on anaerobes from paediatric blood cultures: a comparative analysis with adults

Matteo Boattini^{1

2}, Arianna Aceti^{3

4}, Paulo Bastos⁵, Viktoria Eirini Mavromanolaki⁶, Sofia Maraki⁷, Anastasia Spiliopoulou⁸, Vasileios Kakouris⁸, Yordan Kalchev^{9

10}, Ana Budimir¹¹, Branka Bedenić¹¹, Zana Rubic¹², Monica Licker¹³, Corina Musuroi¹³, Emese Juhász¹⁴, Katalin Kristóf¹⁴, Mateja Pirs¹⁵, Ivana Velimirovic¹⁵, Michael Berktold¹⁶, Adriána Liptáková¹⁷, Adriana Krajčíková¹⁷, Pavel Drevinek¹⁸, Anezka Gryndlerova¹⁸, Monika Brzychczy-Wloch¹⁹, Aldona Olechowska-Jarząb²⁰, Filip Bielec²¹, Małgorzata Brauncajs²¹, Edyta Podsiadly²², Grażyna Nurzyńska²³, Patrycja Zalas-Więcek^{24

25}, Anna Michalska^{24

25}, Kristian Riesbeck²⁶, Hanna-Sofia Andersson²⁶, Tone Tønjum^{27

28}, Johan Christian Berild²⁸, Truls Michael Leegaard^{29

30}, Asger Nellemann Rasmussen³¹, Kristian Schønning^{31

32}, Stefan Glöckner³³, Jürgen Rödel³³, Mohamed Tarek Badr³⁴, Georg Alexander Häcker^{34

35}, Denise Stark^{36

37}, Axel Hamprecht^{36

37}, Anna Dudakova³⁸, Jonathan Jantsch³⁸, Stefano Mancini³⁹, Chantal Quiblier³⁹, Damien Jacot⁴⁰, Gilbert Greub^{40

41}, Tiziano Ferniani³, Simone Ambretti^{3

42}, Maddalena Calvo⁴³, Stefania Stefani^{43

44}, Rogier Schade⁴⁵, Erlangga Yusuf⁴⁶, Stefanie van Kleef-van Koeveringe⁴⁷, Sarah Vandamme⁴⁷, Alexia Verroken⁴⁸, Hector Rodriguez-Villalobos⁴⁸, François Duigou⁴⁹, Stéphane Corvec^{49

50}, Pauline Floch⁵¹, Clémence Massip⁵¹, Delphine Chainier⁵², Olivier Barraud⁵², Marie-Bossuète Louissaint⁵³, Assaf Mizrahi^{53

54}, Saied Ali⁵⁵, Maeve Doyle⁵⁵, Clarice Egan⁵⁶, Sinead McNicholas⁵⁶, Javier Colomina-Rodriguez⁵⁷, Ignacio Torres⁵⁷, Raul Gillaranz Luengo⁵⁸, Maria Nieves Larrosa Escartín^{59

60

61

62}, Maria Belen Viñado Perez^{59

60

61

62}, Ana Verónica Halperin⁶³, Sergio Fuente García⁶³, Rafael Cantón^{63

62}, Miguel Seruca⁶⁴, Vasco Santos Mendes⁶⁴, Dinah Carvalho⁶⁵, Rossana Cavallo^{66

67}, José Melo Cristino^{65

68}, Cristina Costa^#^{66

67}, Gabriele Bianco^#^{67

69}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Torino, Turin, Italy. matteo.boattini@unito.it.
² Microbiology and Virology Unit, University Hospital Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino, Turin, Italy. matteo.boattini@unito.it.
³ Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
⁴ Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS AOU Bologna, 40139, Bologna, Italy.
⁵ Department of Medical and Clinical Pharmacology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France.
⁶ Department of Paediatrics, Agios Nikolaos General Hospital, 721 00, Crete, Greece.
⁷ Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, University Hospital of Heraklion, 711 10, Crete, Greece.
⁸ Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
⁹ Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology "Prof. Dr. Elissay Yanev", Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
¹⁰ Laboratory of Microbiology, University Hospital St. George, Plovdiv, 4000, Bulgaria.
¹¹ Clinical Department for Clinical Microbiology, Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispatic Street 12, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
¹² Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Split, Split, Croatia.
¹³ Microbiology Department, Multidisciplinary Research Center On Antimicrobial Resistance, Microbiology Laboratory Pius Branzeu' Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 'Victor Babes' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania.
¹⁴ Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
¹⁵ Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
¹⁶ Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
¹⁷ Department of Microbiology, Medical Faculty Commenius University and University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.
¹⁸ Department of Medical Microbiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
¹⁹ Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
²⁰ Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland, Department of Microbiology, University Hospital, Krakow, Poland.
²¹ Department of Microbiology and Laboratory Medical Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
²² Department of Dental Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland, Microbiological Laboratory, University Center of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
²³ Microbiological Laboratory, University Center of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
²⁴ Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University (NCU) in Toruń, 9 Skłodowska-Curie St, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
²⁵ Clinical Microbiology Division, Antoni Jurasz University Hospital No. 1 in Bydgoszcz, 9 Skłodowska-Curie St, Bydgoszcz, 85-094, Poland.
²⁶ Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden, Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory Medicine Skåne, Lund, Sweden.
²⁷ Department of Microbiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
²⁸ Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
²⁹ Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
³⁰ Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.
³¹ Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitale, Copenhagen, Denmark.
³² Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
³³ Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
³⁴ Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center - Univerity of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
³⁵ BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
³⁶ Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Carl Von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
³⁷ Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Klinikum Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
³⁸ Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
³⁹ Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
⁴⁰ Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
⁴¹ Infectious Diseases Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
⁴² Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
⁴³ U.O.C. Laboratory Analysis Unit, A.O.U. "Policlinico-San Marco", Via S. Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy.
⁴⁴ Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy.
⁴⁵ Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁴⁶ Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
⁴⁷ Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium.
⁴⁸ Department of Clinical Microbiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.
⁴⁹ Institut de Biologie des Hôpitaux de Nantes, Service de Bactériologie et des Contrôles Microbiologiques, CHU de Nantes, 9 Quai Moncousu, 44093, Nantes Cedex 01, France.
⁵⁰ INSERM, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1302, Nantes Université, Nantes, France.
⁵¹ Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène, CHU de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
⁵² Université Limoges, INSERM, CHU Limoges, UMR 1092, Limoges, France.
⁵³ Service de Microbiologie Clinique, Hôpitaux Saint-Joseph & Marie-Lannelongue, Paris, France.
⁵⁴ Institut Micalis UMR 1319, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAe, AgroParisTech, Châtenay Malabry, France.
⁵⁵ Regional Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Ireland.
⁵⁶ Department of Microbiology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin, D04 T6 F4, Ireland.
⁵⁷ Microbiology Service, University Clinical Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
⁵⁸ Service of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas, Spain.
⁵⁹ Department of Clinical Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.
⁶⁰ Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain.
⁶¹ Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
⁶² CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
⁶³ Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
⁶⁴ Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal.
⁶⁵ Serviço de Patologia Clínica, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal.
⁶⁶ Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.
⁶⁷ Microbiology and Virology Unit, University Hospital Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino, Turin, Italy.
⁶⁸ Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
⁶⁹ Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Monteroni N. 165, 73100, Lecce, Italy.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 40537731
DOI: 10.1007/s10096-025-05185-7

A European survey on anaerobes from paediatric blood cultures: a comparative analysis with adults

Matteo Boattini et al. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2025.

. 2025 Jun 19.

doi: 10.1007/s10096-025-05185-7. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Torino, Turin, Italy. matteo.boattini@unito.it.
² Microbiology and Virology Unit, University Hospital Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino, Turin, Italy. matteo.boattini@unito.it.
³ Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
⁴ Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS AOU Bologna, 40139, Bologna, Italy.
⁵ Department of Medical and Clinical Pharmacology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France.
⁶ Department of Paediatrics, Agios Nikolaos General Hospital, 721 00, Crete, Greece.
⁷ Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, University Hospital of Heraklion, 711 10, Crete, Greece.
⁸ Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
⁹ Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology "Prof. Dr. Elissay Yanev", Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
¹⁰ Laboratory of Microbiology, University Hospital St. George, Plovdiv, 4000, Bulgaria.
¹¹ Clinical Department for Clinical Microbiology, Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispatic Street 12, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
¹² Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Split, Split, Croatia.
¹³ Microbiology Department, Multidisciplinary Research Center On Antimicrobial Resistance, Microbiology Laboratory Pius Branzeu' Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 'Victor Babes' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania.
¹⁴ Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
¹⁵ Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
¹⁶ Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
¹⁷ Department of Microbiology, Medical Faculty Commenius University and University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.
¹⁸ Department of Medical Microbiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
¹⁹ Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
²⁰ Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland, Department of Microbiology, University Hospital, Krakow, Poland.
²¹ Department of Microbiology and Laboratory Medical Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
²² Department of Dental Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland, Microbiological Laboratory, University Center of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
²³ Microbiological Laboratory, University Center of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
²⁴ Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University (NCU) in Toruń, 9 Skłodowska-Curie St, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
²⁵ Clinical Microbiology Division, Antoni Jurasz University Hospital No. 1 in Bydgoszcz, 9 Skłodowska-Curie St, Bydgoszcz, 85-094, Poland.
²⁶ Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden, Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory Medicine Skåne, Lund, Sweden.
²⁷ Department of Microbiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
²⁸ Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
²⁹ Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
³⁰ Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.
³¹ Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitale, Copenhagen, Denmark.
³² Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
³³ Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
³⁴ Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center - Univerity of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
³⁵ BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
³⁶ Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Carl Von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
³⁷ Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Klinikum Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
³⁸ Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
³⁹ Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
⁴⁰ Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
⁴¹ Infectious Diseases Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
⁴² Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
⁴³ U.O.C. Laboratory Analysis Unit, A.O.U. "Policlinico-San Marco", Via S. Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy.
⁴⁴ Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy.
⁴⁵ Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁴⁶ Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
⁴⁷ Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium.
⁴⁸ Department of Clinical Microbiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.
⁴⁹ Institut de Biologie des Hôpitaux de Nantes, Service de Bactériologie et des Contrôles Microbiologiques, CHU de Nantes, 9 Quai Moncousu, 44093, Nantes Cedex 01, France.
⁵⁰ INSERM, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1302, Nantes Université, Nantes, France.
⁵¹ Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène, CHU de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
⁵² Université Limoges, INSERM, CHU Limoges, UMR 1092, Limoges, France.
⁵³ Service de Microbiologie Clinique, Hôpitaux Saint-Joseph & Marie-Lannelongue, Paris, France.
⁵⁴ Institut Micalis UMR 1319, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAe, AgroParisTech, Châtenay Malabry, France.
⁵⁵ Regional Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Ireland.
⁵⁶ Department of Microbiology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin, D04 T6 F4, Ireland.
⁵⁷ Microbiology Service, University Clinical Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
⁵⁸ Service of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas, Spain.
⁵⁹ Department of Clinical Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.
⁶⁰ Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain.
⁶¹ Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
⁶² CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
⁶³ Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
⁶⁴ Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal.
⁶⁵ Serviço de Patologia Clínica, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal.
⁶⁶ Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.
⁶⁷ Microbiology and Virology Unit, University Hospital Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino, Turin, Italy.
⁶⁸ Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
⁶⁹ Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Monteroni N. 165, 73100, Lecce, Italy.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 40537731
DOI: 10.1007/s10096-025-05185-7

Abstract

Infections caused by anaerobes are common in children. However, limited data are available on bloodstream infections caused by these bacteria in Europe. A multicentre retrospective observational study was conducted over a 4-year period (2020-2023) across 44 European hospitals to analyze all anaerobes isolated from blood cultures. The study examined the epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance profiles of anaerobes identified in paediatric patients, comparing the findings with those observed in adults. Among the 14,527 total anaerobic isolates, 186 (1.3%) were detected from paediatric patients. These were predominantly Gram-positive (70%) and Gram-negative (22%) bacilli. The most prevalent species in paediatric patients were Cutibacterium acnes (24.7%), Schaalia odontolytica (9.7%), Actinomyces oris (8.1%), and Bacteroides fragilis (7.5%). Relative feature importance based on the mean SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) values distinguished paediatric patients and adults based on their antibiotic resistance patterns with high accuracy. Compared to those from adult patients, Gram-positive bacilli detected in paediatric samples displayed higher resistance rates for meropenem (15% vs. 9%), metronidazole (52% vs. 24%), and vancomycin (27% vs. 6%), and lower resistance to benzylpenicillin (11% vs. 17%), amoxicillin/clavulanate (9% vs. 17%), and clindamycin (30% vs. 36%). Gram-negative bacilli in paediatric samples displayed lower resistance to benzylpenicillin (18% vs. 29%), piperacillin/tazobactam (26% vs. 33%), and clindamycin (20% vs. 27%), and they were highly susceptible to imipenem, meropenem, and metronidazole as those detected in adult patients. Bacteroides species detected in paediatric and adult patients displayed high resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam (33% vs. 39%) and clindamycin (38% vs. 29%), while they were highly susceptible to metronidazole. Compared to those from adult samples, Cutibacterium acnes in paediatric patients displayed lower resistance to benzylpenicillin (none vs. 15%) and clindamycin (17% vs. 29%). The comparison of species and susceptibility profiles of anaerobes detected in paediatric and adult patients highlighted the importance of reporting antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance data by age group.

Keywords: Bacteroides spp.; Cutibacterium spp.; Anaerobes; Antimicrobial resistance; Paediatrics; Sepsis.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Formal ethical approval was obtained by the institutional review board of the coordinating Centre (Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Protocol No. 0048443). Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

References

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[1] Brook I (2024) Overview of anaerobic infections in children and their treatment. J Infect Chemother 30:1104–1113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2024.07.014 - DOI - PubMed

[2] Brook I (2024) Overview of anaerobic infections in children and their treatment. J Infect Chemother 30:1104–1113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2024.07.014 - DOI - PubMed

[3] Freedman SB, Roosevelt GE (2004) Utility of anaerobic blood cultures in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 20:433–436. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.pec.0000132215.57976.99 - DOI - PubMed

[4] Freedman SB, Roosevelt GE (2004) Utility of anaerobic blood cultures in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 20:433–436. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.pec.0000132215.57976.99 - DOI - PubMed

[5] Goldstein EJ (1996) Anaerobic bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 23:S97–101. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/23.supplement_1.s97 - DOI - PubMed

[6] Goldstein EJ (1996) Anaerobic bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 23:S97–101. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/23.supplement_1.s97 - DOI - PubMed

[7] Dien Bard J, McElvania TE (2016) Diagnosis of Bloodstream Infections in Children. J Clin Microbiol 54:1418–1424. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02919-15 - DOI - PubMed - PMC

[8] Dien Bard J, McElvania TE (2016) Diagnosis of Bloodstream Infections in Children. J Clin Microbiol 54:1418–1424. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02919-15 - DOI - PubMed - PMC

[9] Dunne WM Jr, Tillman J, Havens PL (1994) Assessing the need for anaerobic medium for the recovery of clinically significant blood culture isolates in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 13:203–206. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199403000-00007 - DOI - PubMed

[10] Dunne WM Jr, Tillman J, Havens PL (1994) Assessing the need for anaerobic medium for the recovery of clinically significant blood culture isolates in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 13:203–206. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199403000-00007 - DOI - PubMed

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A European survey on anaerobes from paediatric blood cultures: a comparative analysis with adults

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A European survey on anaerobes from paediatric blood cultures: a comparative analysis with adults

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Conflict of interest statement

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