Vector-borne pathogens in cats and associated fleas in southern Ethiopia

Abstract

Background: The worldwide increment of cat populations has increased the risk of ectoparasite infestation and feline vector-borne pathogen (VBP) transmission. In low-income countries, such as Ethiopia, favorable climatic conditions and the absence of preventive measures against ectoparasites contribute to broadening VBP circulation. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of protozoal (i.e., Hepatozoon, Babesia, and Cytauxzoon species) and bacterial (i.e., Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia, and Bartonella species) infections in owned cats and in their ectoparasites in southern Ethiopia.

Methods: The study was conducted in four districts of the Gamo zone, southern Ethiopia. Cats were sampled, and information about the animals was recorded. Blood samples were collected on Flinders Technology Associates (FTA) cards, while ectoparasites were collected by combing and stored in 70% ethanol. Fleas were morphologically identified, and DNA was extracted from both blood samples and ectoparasites, then submitted to molecular analysis. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and end-point PCR were used to detect pathogens. Positive samples were sequenced, and a phylogenetic analysis was performed on the obtained Hepatozoon spp. and Rickettsia spp. sequences.

Results: Overall, 109 cats were sampled, and 115 fleas (i.e., 28 Ctenocephalides felis and 87 Echidnophaga gallinacea) and three ticks (Haemaphysalis laechi) were collected. Molecular analysis of feline blood samples revealed Hepatozoon spp. as the most common pathogen (36.7%; CI:28.3-46.1%), followed by Rickettsia spp. (5.5%; CI: 2.5-11.5%), Bartonella spp. (2.8%; CI:0.9-7.8%), and Babesia spp. (0.9%; CI:0.2-5.0%); whereas fleas harbored mostly Rickettsia spp. (52.2%; CI:43.1-61.1%), followed by Bartonella spp. (6.1%; CI: 3.0-12.0%), and Hepatozoon spp. (0.9%; CI: 0.2-4.8%). According to phylogenetic clustering, specimens of the Hepatozoon genus were classified as H. felis, H. luiperdjie,, and H. canis. Concerning the genus Rickettsia, it was not possible to reach a clear identification for the majority of the sequences, apart from some specimens ascribable to R. felis and R. asembonensis.

Conclusions: Vector-borne pathogens posing significant threats to animal and human health were detected in this study. Molecular analysis suggested the circulation of different and genetically variable species in the feline host. The molecular approach allowed the identification of VBPs in the cat population and their fleas, providing new data on their occurrence and prevalence in Ethiopia and, more generally, in sub-Saharan Africa.

Keywords: Ctenocephalides felis; Echidnophaga gallinacea; Cat; Ethiopia; Vector-borne pathogen.

Fig. 1

Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of the obtained Hepatozoon sequences plus a set of reference ones. Sequences obtained from cats have been marked with a filled circle, while the one obtained from Echidnophaga gallinacea has been marked with a filled square. Collection areas have been color-coded: Arba Minch town in green, Gerese district in blue, Arba Minch Zuria district in red, and Chencha town in yellow. Further details, sequence name, and bootstrap support are available in Additional file 3: Fig. S1

Fig. 2

Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of the obtained Rickettsia sequences plus a set of reference ones. Sequences obtained in this study have been marked with a filled black circle. Further details, sequence name, and bootstrap support are available in Additional file 4: Fig. S2