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. 2025 Jun 19;19(1):171.
doi: 10.1186/s13065-025-01530-1.

Spectrofluorimetric determination of cyclic guanosine monophosphate in human nasal secretions: evaluating levels in healthy individuals and patients with olfactory dysfunction

Mohamed H Abdelazim  1 , Faisal Alsenani  2 , Adnan Alharbi  3 , Fahad H Baali  4 , Abdulaziz H Baali  5 , Maram H Abduljabbar  6 , Reem M Alnemari  7 , Majed A Algarni  4
Affiliations

Spectrofluorimetric determination of cyclic guanosine monophosphate in human nasal secretions: evaluating levels in healthy individuals and patients with olfactory dysfunction

Mohamed H Abdelazim et al. BMC Chem. .

Abstract

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a second messenger involved in olfactory signal transduction. cGMP levels modulate the sensitivity of olfactory neurons and are implicated in olfactory dysfunctions. Previous reports demonstrate that individuals with olfactory dysfunction exhibit lower cGMP levels in the nasal mucus, necessitating precise analytical quantitative methods. Micellar-based spectrofluorimetric methods improve the detection of low concentrations of fluorescent compounds by using micelles to enhance fluorescence and reduce quenching. This study presents a micellar-based spectrofluorimetric method using Tween 80 to enhance the fluorescence intensity of cGMP. cGMP shows a weak emission signal at 350 nm when excited at 255 nm, but the addition of Tween 80 significantly enhances its fluorescence intensity by forming micelles that solubilize the hydrophobic cGMP and reduce quenching effects. These micelles, created by Tween 80, encapsulate cGMP in a hydrophobic core, stabilizing it through hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions, which further enhances fluorescence. The method was evaluated according to ICH M10 guidelines and demonstrated a linear relationship for cGMP concentrations from 1 to 50 ng/mL, with high accuracy and precision across intra-day and inter-day analyses. It also showed high selectivity, accurately detecting cGMP even in the presence of other substances like albumin and lactoferrin. The method was used to determine cGMP levels in the nasal secretions of nine healthy volunteers and eleven patients with olfactory dysfunction, revealing that cGMP was present in both groups. However, the average cGMP levels were significantly lower in patients with olfactory dysfunction (9.89 ± 1.20 ng/mL) compared to healthy individuals (38.65 ± 3.18 ng/mL).

Keywords: Micellar; Nasal; Olfactory dysfunction; cGMP.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This work was approved by the Committee of Research Ethics in the Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt. All participants signed informed consent statements before participation in the study. All described procedures were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, and in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent for publication: Written informed consents were obtained from the participants for publication of this report. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Chemical structure of cGMP
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Excitation and emission spectra of cGMP (40 ng/mL) in aqueous solution, and in solution containing Tween 80
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Effect of various micellar media on the FI of cGMP (40 ng/mL)
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Effect of Tween 80 volume on the FI of cGMP (40 ng/mL)
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Effect of various solvents on the FI of cGMP (40 ng/mL)
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