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. 2025 Apr 28;6(1):504-514.
doi: 10.1089/whr.2025.0019. eCollection 2025.

Impact of Maternal Hyperglycemic and Hypertensive Disorders on Perinatal Outcomes Across the COVID-19 Pandemic

Lixia Zhang  1 , Yun Shen  1 , Ronald Horswell  1 , Jessica Lin  1 , San Chu  1 , S Amanda Dumas  2 , Gang Hu  1
Affiliations

Impact of Maternal Hyperglycemic and Hypertensive Disorders on Perinatal Outcomes Across the COVID-19 Pandemic

Lixia Zhang et al. Womens Health Rep (New Rochelle). .

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the joint associations of maternal hyperglycemic and hypertensive disorders with adverse pregnancy outcomes across the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Methods: This retrospective study included 110,447 Louisiana Medicaid pregnant women with first-time delivery from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2021. Associations between hyperglycemic as well as hypertensive disorders and adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnancy during prepandemic, early pandemic, and late pandemic were assessed by binary logistic regression.

Results: The odds ratios of above adverse pregnancy outcomes were significantly higher during the early and late COVID-19 pandemic than those before the pandemic. Maternal gestational diabetes mellitus and diabetes before pregnancy were associated with higher risks of preterm birth, primary cesarean section, large for gestational age (LGA), macrosomia, neonatal hypoglycemia, neonatal jaundice, and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS; all p < 0.05), respectively, compared with women with normal glucose during pregnancy. Maternal gestational hypertension, preeclampsia or eclampsia, and pre-existing hypertension were associated with higher risks of preterm birth, primary cesarean section, low birth weight (exception for gestational hypertension), small for gestational age, LGA (exception for preeclampsia or eclampsia), macrosomia (exception for preeclampsia or eclampsia), neonatal hypoglycemia, neonatal jaundice, and NRDS (all p < 0.05), respectively, compared with women with normal blood pressure during pregnancy. Most of these associations during the early and late pandemic were consistent with those before the COVID-19 pandemic.

Conclusions: Maternal hyperglycemic and hypertensive disorders during pregnancy, compared with maternal normal glucose or blood pressure during pregnancy, were associated with higher risks of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Interventions should be taken to help individuals achieve glycemic and blood pressure control to decrease the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes regardless of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Keywords: COVID-19; adverse pregnancy outcomes; hyperglycemic disorders; hypertensive disorders.

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