JM declares stock ownership from Amgen, Bayer, and Sanofi; travel grants from Alnylam, Biogen Idec, Novartis, Teva, Eisai, Neuraxpharm, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Kyverna; consulting fees from Novartis and Alnylam; and research funding from Klaus Tschira Foundation, Ruhr-University Bochum (FoRUM program), Deutsche Multiple Sklerose Gesellschaft, Hertie Foundation, Novartis, and Kyverna, not related to this work. RK declares stock ownership from Novo Nordisk; research funding from LFB Group France and Ruhr-University Bochum; travel funding from Grifols, Takeda, and Alnylam; and speaker honoraria from Argenx. MS declares research support from Kyverna, not related to this work. ALF declares research support from Takeda and CSL Behring, not related to this work. DM has received consulting fees from AnvenCell, Beigene, Galapagos, Gilead, and Novartis; honoraria from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Gilead, Janssen, Kyverna Therapeutics, Miltenyi, and Roche; and travel support from AbbVie, Beigene, Gilead, Janssen, Lilly Kyverna Therapeutics, Roche, and Pfizer, not related to this work. AH has received consulting fees from Kyverna, not related to this work. DB is an employee and shareholder of Kyverna Therapeutics. KP has received travel funding and speaker honoraria from Biogen Idec, Novartis, and Bayer Schering Pharma, and funding from the Ruhr-University Bochum (FORUM program), not related to this work. RS has served on a Kyverna advisory board. RG serves on scientific advisory boards for Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Biogen Idec, Bayer Schering Pharma, Kyverna, and Novartis; has received speaker honoraria from Biogen Idec, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Bayer Schering Pharma, and Novartis; serves as editor for Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Diseases and on the editorial boards of Experimental Neurology and The Journal of Neuroimmunology; and receives research support from Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Biogen Idec, Bayer Schering Pharma, Genzyme, Merck Serono, and Novartis, not related to this work. All other authors declare no competing interests. JM and RK contributed equally to this work. Details regarding ethics and consent, data sharing, funding, and author contributions are provided in the appendix (pp 9–10).