Quadratic mixed convection of Maxwell-Buongiorno nanofluid over cubic stratified surface incorporating cross diffusion effects and solar radiation

Abstract

Cubic stratification dramatically enhances thermal and mass transport in quadratic mixed convection, which is advantageous for electronics cooling, biomedical technology, and power plants. Nanofluids are essential to the development of next-generation cooling and environmental management solutions because of their exceptional thermal characteristics. Motivated by such impactful applications in thermal and engineering systems, this work uses the Buongiorno model to examine heat and mass transfer in Maxwell nanofluids over a vertically extended permeable surface under Darcy-Forchheimer porous flow situations. For a more accurate depiction, convective boundary conditions and suction-injection effects are also included in the current analysis. In order to represent complete heat and mass transport behavior, the model also takes into consideration radiative heat flux, viscous heating, chemical reaction, and cross-diffusion effects through the Soret and Dufour mechanisms. Similarity transformations are used to convert the controlling partial differential equations into a system of ordinary differential equations, which are then numerically solved using Mathematica's NDSolve approach. The influence of important physical parameters on thermal profiles, fluid velocity fields, and concentration distribution is demonstrated in detail through a visual analysis. The skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are calculated and studied in detail to determine the rates of heat, mass, and surface drag. Important key findings shows that the Velocity filed upsurges with nonlinear thermal and convection parameters, whereas it declines with higher Darcy and Forchheimer resistance effects. Moreover, nanofluid temperature is increased by Dufour and Eckert numbers and decreased by thermal stratification parameter. Finally, Soret and solutal Biot numbers enhance nanoparticle concentration, whereas solutal stratification parameter diminishes it. The results exhibit outstanding consistency with previous research published in the literature.

Keywords: Convective boundary conditions; Cross diffusion phenomena; Cubic stratification; Maxwell nanofluid; Nonlinear convection; Solar radiation.

Fig. 1

Physical model of problem.

Fig. 2

Velocity outline for distinct values of Deborah numbers .

Fig. 3

Velocity outline for distinct values of nonlinear thermal convective variable .

Fig. 4

Velocity outline for distinct values of nonlinear solutal convective variable .

Fig. 5

Velocity outline for distinct values of thermal convective variable .

Fig. 6

Velocity outline for distinct values of solutal convective variable .

Fig. 7

Velocity outline for distinct values of Darcy numbers .

Fig. 8

Velocity outline for distinct values of non Darcy variable .

Fig. 9

Velocity outline for distinct values of suction injection parameter .

Fig. 10

Temperature outline for distinct values of Deborah numbers .

Fig. 11

Temperature outline for distinct values of radiation parameter .

Fig. 12

Temperature outline for distinct values of Prandtl number .

Fig. 13

Temperature outline for distinct values of Dufour number .

Fig. 14

Temperature outline for distinct values of Brownian motion parameter .

Fig. 15

Temperature outline for distinct values of thermophoresis parameter .

Fig. 16

Temperature outline for distinct values of thermal stratification parameter .

Fig. 17

Temperature outline for distinct values of Eckert numbers .

Fig. 18

Temperature outline for distinct values of heat generation parameter .

Fig. 19

Temperature outline for distinct values of thermal Biot numbers .

Fig. 20

Concentration outline for distinct values of Lewis numbers .

Fig. 21

Concentration outline for distinct values of Soret parameter .

Fig. 22

Concentration outline for distinct values of Brownian motion parameter .

Fig. 23

Concentration outline for distinct values of thermophoresis parameter .

Fig. 24

Concentration outline for distinct values of Solutal stratification parameter .

Fig. 25

Concentration outline for distinct values of chemical reaction parameter .

Fig. 26

Concentration outline for distinct values of Solutal Biot parameter .